Tasvîr-i Efkâr

Tasvîr-i Efkâr (Ottoman Turkish: تسویر افکار, lit. 'Herald of Ideas') was a long term Ottoman newspaper which existed between 1862 and 1925 with some interruptions. The paper was one of the early privately-owned publications in the Ottoman Empire.[1] It is known for its founder İbrahim Şinasi and for its leading editors, including Namık Kemal and Yunus Nadi.

Tasvîr-i Efkâr
Cover page of Tasvîr-i Efkâr dated 29 October 1915 featuring Mustafa Kemal (left) and Cevat Pasha
Founder(s)İbrahim Şinasi
Founded27 June 1862
LanguageOttoman Turkish
Ceased publication4 March 1925
HeadquartersConstantinople
Country

History and profile

First period (1862–1868)

Tasvîr-i Efkâr was first published on 27 June 1862[2] although its license was granted on 14 May 1861.[3] The paper came out twice per week.[4] Its founder and chief editor was İbrahim Şinasi.[5][6] In the first issue he declared the goal of the paper as expressing the voice of public.[7] Soon after its start Tasvîr-i Efkâr enjoyed higher levels of circulation.[6] Şinasi edited the paper until 30 January 1865 when he left the Empire for Europe.[3] During his editorship Tasvîr-i Efkâr featured less news reports on the activities of the upper classes and the travels of Sultan Abdülaziz.[8] Instead, it focused on news reports related to public such as fires, taxes, crop production, commercial and educational activities.[8] During the same period Tasvîr-i Efkâr featured numerous poems by Şinasi who also published the Ottoman Turkish translations of French poems.[9]

Şinasi was replaced by Namık Kemal in the post who expanded the coverage of Tasvîr-i Efkâr.[4] His term lasted until 1867 when he had to leave the Empire due to the increased pressure of the government on him.[4] The paper was edited by Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem ve Kayazâde Reşad until its closure in 1868.[4] It produced 835 issues during this period.[2][4]

Second period (1909–1925)

The license of the paper was sold to Ebüzziyâ Mehmed Tevfik in 1909, and it was redesigned under the title Yeni Tasvîr-i Efkâr of which the first issue appeared on 31 May 1909.[3] Süleyman Nazif collaborated with Ebüzziyâ Mehmed Tevfik in the publication of the paper, but he left it soon.[10] It was closed down many times during this period, but resumed publication under different titles.[3] Following the death of Ebüzziyâ Mehmed Tevfik in January 1913 the paper was owned by his children, Talha and Velid Ebüzziya.[3][5]

The editor of the paper under the ownership of the Ebüzziya brothers was Yunus Nadi.[11] Its publisher was Matbaa-i Ebüzziya which was based in Nuruosmaniye district of Istanbul.[5] The paper supported the independence movement led by Mustafa Kemal because of which it was frequently censored.[3][11] Tasvîr-i Efkâr is the first Ottoman paper which published a photograph and biography of Mustafa Kemal.[11] The paper folded immediately after the occupation of Istanbul in 1918, and its owners exiled into Malta.[3]

Following the return of Velid Ebüzziya to Istanbul in 1921 the paper was restarted with the title Tevhîd-i Efkâr on 2 July.[11] Because he could not get a license for its original title.[5] The paper was published until 4 March 1925 when it was closed by the Independence Court in Istanbul.[11] The reason for its closure was its oppositional stance against the Turkish government.[5][11] The court employed the Law for the Maintenance of Order, which had been put into force after the riot led by Sheikh Said, as a basis for its ban.[5]

Contributors

Early contributors of Tasvîr-i Efkâr included Şinasi's close friends Nâmık Kemal, Ahmed Vefik Paşa and Sâmipaşazâde Suphi.[3] In the late Ottoman period when the paper was owned by the Ebüzziya brothers notable contributors were Zekeriya Sertel, Ahmet Rasim, Cenap Şehabattin, Ruşen Eşref, Abdülhak Hamit, and Yahya Kemal.[11]

Spin-off

The paper was restarted with its original title, Tasvîr-i Efkâr, by Velid Ebüzziya and Ziyad Ebüzziya on 2 May 1940 and existed until the death of Velid Ebüzziya on 12 January 1945.[5] Then, Ziyad Ebüzziya and Cihad Baban continued to publish it under the title Tasvir which folded in 1949.[5]

References
  1. Shin Sasaki (2018). "Mixed Dynamism of Relief in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Historical Actualities of Fundraising Campaigns". The Journal of Ottoman Studies. 51 (51): 165. doi:10.18589/oa.591829.
  2. Önder Mezili (2021). "Osmanlı Aydınlarından Ali Kemal'in Türk Gazetesi ve Gazetenin Yayın Anlayışına Dair Bir Değerlendirme". İçtimaiyat (in Turkish). 5 (2): 350. doi:10.33709/ictimaiyat.958739.
  3. Nesimi Yazıcı (2011). Tasvîr-i Efkâr (in Turkish). Vol. 40. İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 138–140.
  4. "Tasvir-i Efkâr Gazetesi" (in Turkish). Eski Eserler. 9 March 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  5. Fatma Esen (2020). Censorship under allied occupation of İstanbul: The analysis of Tasvir-i Efkar Newspaper (MA thesis). Sabancı University. pp. 8, 10–11.
  6. Erol A.F. Baykal (2019). The Ottoman Press (1908-1923). Leiden: Brill. p. 34. ISBN 978-90-04-39488-9.
  7. Belkıs Ulusoy Nalcıoğlu (January 2012). "Birth Pangs of Turkish Magazine Publishing". Erciyes İletişim Dergisi. 2 (4): 85.
  8. Gül Karagöz-Kızılca (2017). "News Publishing as a Reflection of Public Opinion: The Idea of News during the Ottoman Financial Crises". In Anthony Gorman; Didier Monciaud (eds.). The Press in the Middle East and North Africa, 1850–1950: Politics, Social History and Culture. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 39. ISBN 9781474430630.
  9. Elisabeth Kendall (2002). "Between Politics and Literature: Journals in Alexandria and Istanbul at the End of the Nineteenth Century". In Leila Fawaz; C. A. Bayly; Robert Ilbert (eds.). Modernity and Culture. New York Chichester; West Sussex: Columbia University Press.
  10. Syed Tanvir Wasti (2014). "Süleyman Nazîf – A Multi-Faceted Personality". Middle Eastern Studies. 50 (3): 495. doi:10.1080/00263206.2014.886571.
  11. Ali Demirel (July 2018). The Relations of İstanbul and Ankara within the press of Turkish national struggle (1918-1922) (MA thesis). Middle East Technical University. pp. 14–15. hdl:11511/27502.
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