Tebtunis

Tebtunis was a city and later town in Lower Egypt. The settlement was founded in approximately 1800 BCE by the Twelfth Dynasty king Amenemhat III. It was located in what is now the village of Tell Umm el-Baragat in the Faiyum Governorate. In Tebtunis there were many Greek and Roman buildings. It was a rich town and was a very important regional center during the Ptolemaic period.

Temple of Sobek in Tebtunis, el-Fayyum, Egypt

It is possible that Tebtunis was identical with a town called Theodosiopolis (from Koinē Greek: Θεοδοσιούπολις Theodosioúpolis), which is only attested since late antiquity.[1]

In Coptic, it became Toutōn (Arabic Tuṯun). In the Middle Ages, Toutōn was a major centre of Coptic manuscript copying. At least thirteen existing manuscripts were copied there between AD 861 and 940.[2] The present village of Tuṯun is located about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) south of Umm el-Baragat.[2]

The Tebtunis Papyri

Tebtunis flourished during the Ptolemaic Kingdom and is famous for the many papyri in Demotic and Greek found there. These papyri give information about how people in Tebtunis lived from day to day. For example, one papyrus was found that gave 'minutes' of a meeting of a group of priests. On this papyrus were the names of the priests, what the meeting was about, and a date – indicating that it was written during the Ptolemaic period.

On the basis of documentary papyri, it is possible to gain interesting insights into the life of the priests of local main god, Soknebtunis. For instance, a key text for understanding a major land reform in Egypt at the beginning of Roman rule stems from Tebtunis: The priests of the Soknebtunis temple negotiated with the prefect of Egypt in 24-22 BC that part of the temple's land holdings would be converted into state land. In return, the priests and their descendants were to receive the privilege of leasing a specific portion of this former temple land. These issues were outlined in a petition from 71/72 AD, which the priests of Soknebtunis addressed to the prefect because they were in dispute with a local official over the taxation of these plots.[3] Another group of papyri reveals that in the 120s AD the acting prophet of the Soknebtunis temple (qua office the leader of the rites of the temple) held simultaneously the prophecy of a Sobek sanctuary in the Middle Egyptian town Akoris - a good 100 km away from Tebtunis.[4]

Among the Tebtunis papyri are also preserved many Egyptian astronomical and astrological texts, including several copies of what now is called the Book of Nut,[5] which originally was entitled, "The Fundamentals of the Course of the Stars", and it explicates the concept of sunrise as mythological rebirth.[6]

Local Mythology: Cronus alias Geb

A distinctive feature of the local mythology in Greco-Roman times was the equation of the Greek god Cronus with the Egyptian god Geb, which was expressed on the one hand in the local iconography of the gods, in which Geb was depicted as a man with attributes of Cronus or Cronus with attributes of Geb.[7] On the other hand, the priests of the local main temple identified themselves in Egyptian texts as priests of "Soknebtunis-Geb", but in Greek texts as priests of "Soknebtunis-Cronus". Accordingly, Egyptian names formed with the name of the god Geb were just as popular among local villagers as Greek names derived from Cronus, especially the name "Kronion.[8]

Manuscripts

Papyri
Main article: Tebtunis archive

Parchments

References
  1. Hickey, Todd M. (2007). Lippert, Sandra; Schentuleit, Maren (eds.). Down and Out in Late Antique Tebtunis?. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 136–138. ISBN 978-3-447-05782-0.
  2. René-Georges Coquin, "Tuṯun", The Coptic Encyclopedia (Macmillan, 1991), 7: 2283a–2283b.
  3. Monson, Andrew (2012). From the Ptolemies to the Romans. Political and Economic Change in Roman Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 136–141. ISBN 978-1-107-01441-1.
  4. Wegner, Wolfgang. "Ein bislang unerkannter Beleg für eine Personalunion der Prophetenstellen der Tempel von Tebtynis und Akoris". Studi di Egittologia e di Papirologia: rivista internazionale. 8: 113–118.
  5. König, Jason; Oikonomopoulou, Katerina; Woolf, Greg (2013). Ancient Libraries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-107-01256-1.
  6. Alexandra von Lieven, Translating the Fundamentals of the Course of the Stars. in Annette Imhausen, Tanja Pommerening, eds, Writings of Early Scholars in the Ancient Near East, Egypt, Rome, and Greece: Translating Ancient Scientific Texts. Volume 286 of Beiträge zur Altertumskunde. Walter de Gruyter, 2010 ISBN 3-11-022993-5
  7. Rondot, Vincent (2013). Derniers visages des dieux dʼÉgypte. Iconographies, panthéons et cultes dans le Fayoum hellénisé des IIe–IIIe siècles de notre ère. Paris: Presses de lʼuniversité Paris-Sorbonne; Éditions du Louvre. pp. 75–80, 122–127, 241–246.
  8. Sippel, Benjamin (2020). Gottesdiener und Kamelzüchter: Das Alltags- und Sozialleben der Sobek-Priester im kaiserzeitlichen Fayum. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 73–78. ISBN 978-3-447-11485-1.

Further reading
  • Todd M. Hickey: "Down and Out in Late Antique Tebtunis?" In: Sandra Lippert, Maren Schentuleit (edd.): Graeco-Roman Fayum – Texts and Archaeology. Proceedings of the Third International Fayum Symposion, Freudenstadt, May 29–June 1, 2007. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 2008, 135–142, ISBN 978-3-447-05782-0.
  • Dennis P. Kehoe: Management and Investment on Estates in Roman Egypt during the Early Empire. Bonn: Habelt 1992, ISBN 3-7749-2532-1.
  • Merola, Marco. "Letters to the Crocodile God". Archeology Magazine, November–December 2007.
  • Andrew Monson: From the Ptolemies to the Romans. Political and Economic Change in Roman Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press 2012, ISBN 978-1-107-01441-1.
  • Vincent Rondot: Derniers visages des dieux dʼÉgypte. Iconographies, panthéons et cultes dans le Fayoum hellénisé des IIe–IIIe siècles de notre ère. Paris: Presses de lʼuniversité Paris-Sorbonne; Éditions du Louvre (Passé Présent) 2013.
  • Benjamin Sippel: Gottesdiener und Kamelzüchter: Das Alltags- und Sozialleben der Sobek-Priester im kaiserzeitlichen Fayum. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 2020, ISBN 978-3-447-11485-1.

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