Shaduppum

Terracotta lion from Tell Harmal, Iraq Museum

Clay tablet, mathematical, geometric-algebraic, similar to the Euclidean geometry. From Tell Harmal, Iraq. 2003-1595 BCE. Iraq Museum

The site, 150 meters in diameter and 5 meters high. Tell Harmal consists of a heavily fortified irregular rectangle (147 x 133 x 146 x 97 meters). The fortification wall had a towered gateway in the northeast and had 6 meter wide buttresses. It was excavated by Iraqi archaeologists Taha Baqir and Sayid Muhammed Ali Mustafa of the Department of Antiquities and Heritage from 1945 to 1949 in response to planned residential development and illegal digging, discovering about 2000 unbaked clay cuneiform tablets. These tablets were found in both religious and administrative contexts. Stories about Creation, the flood, The epic of Gilgamesh, and other were inscribed on some of the tablets. Over 100 large (3.5cm in diameter) pierced clay balls inscribed with daily brick making receipts were also found.[2][3][4] In 1997 and 1998, the site was worked by a team from Baghdad University and the German Archaeological Institute led by Peter Miglus and Laith Hussein.[5][6] Many other illegally excavated tablets have found their way into various institutions.

The site contains five occupation layers. The most recent (Layer 1) is fairly rudimentary and thought to be from Kassite times. Layer II contains more substantial construction and was wwere most of the cuneiform tablets were found. It dates to the reigns of Eshnunna rulers like Dadusha (c. 1800–1779 BC) and Ibal-pi-el II (c. 1779–1765 BC). This layer was destroyed by fire, thought to be by Hammurabi when he captured the city in his 31 year. Layer III has largely the same building plan and is marked by the construction of the fortification wall. It dates to the earlier reigns of Ipiq-Adad II, who drove the Elamites from the land, Ibal-pi-El I, Belakum, and Naram-Suen of Eshnunna. Layer IV contains the date fourmula of several rulers not previously known like Ammi-dashur. It corresponds to the time of Sumu-la-El (c. 1880-1845 BC) ruler of Babylon. Only dates of Ammi-dashur and the unknown ruler Iadkur-El were found in Layer V.[7][8] A deeper level of occupation (Layers IV and V) was reached only in soundings and dated as far back as the Akkadian Empire days.[2]

Not much is known outside the Old Babylonian times, though clearly the location was occupied from at least the Akkadian period through the Old Babylonian period, when it was part of the kingdom of Eshnunna in the Diyala River area. It was an administrative center for the kingdom and its name means "the treasury."[9][10]

The site featured a large trapezoidal wall and a temple (28 x 18 meters in size)possibly of the goddess Nisaba and her consort Haya (called Khani by the excavators), a smaller (15 x 14 meters in size) (double shrine temple, and a large (23 x 23 meters in size) administrative building.[11] Among the tablets from Tell Harmal are two of the epic of Gilgamesh and two with parts of the Laws of Eshnunna, found in the context of ruler Dadusha. [12][13] Also found were a number of important mathematical tablets.[14][15][16][17] It also produced tablets with the longest list of geographical names yet known.[18]

• Cities of the ancient Near East

• Taha Baqir, "Supplement to the Date-Formulae from Harmal", Sumer, vol 5, iss. 5, pp 136-144, 1949
• Bruins, E. M., "Comments on the mathematical tablets of Tell Harmal", Sumer, vol. 7, iss. 2, pp. 179-182, 1951
• Bruins, Evert M., "Revision of the mathematical texts from Tell Harmal", Sumer, vol. 9, iss. 2, pp. 241-253, 1953
• Drenckhahn, Friedrich, "A geometrical contribution to the study of the mathematical problem text from Tell Harmal (IM. 55357) in the Iraq Museum, Baghdad", Sumer, vol. 7, iss. 1, pp. 22-27, 1951
• Maria de J. Ellis, "Old Babylonian Economic Texts and Letters from Tell Harmal", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 43–69, 1972
• Maria de J. Ellis, "The Division of Property at Tell Harma"l, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 133–153, 1974
• Maria de J. Ellis, "An Old Babylonian Adoption Contract from Tell Harmal", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 130–151, 1975
• Friberg, Jöran, et al. "Five Texts from Old Babylonian Mê-Turran (Tell Haddad), Ishchali and Shaduppûm (Tell Harmal) with Rectangular-Linear Problems for Figures of a Given Form", New Mathematical Cuneiform Texts, pp. 149-212, 2016
• A. Goetze, "A mathematical compendium from Tell Harmal", Sumer, vol. 7, iss. 2, pp. 126–155, 1951
• Goetze, Albrecht, "Fifty Old-Babylonian Letters from Harmal", Sumer, vol. 14, iss. 1-2, pp. 3-78, 1958
• Gonçalves, Carlos. Mathematical Tablets from Tell Harmal. New York: Springer, 2015 ISBN 978-3-319-22523-4
• Hussein, Laith M. "Tell Harmal-Die Texte aus dem Hauptverwaltungsgebäude", Serai, 2006
• Grandpierre, Véronique, "Shaduppum (Tell Harnal): une petite ville du royaume d'Eshnunna au XVIIIe siècle avant notre ère", Doctoral Dissertation, Paris 1, 1998
• Simmons, Stephen D., "Early Old Babylonian Tablets from Ḥarmal and Elsewhere", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 71–93, 1959
• Lamia al-Gailani Werr, "A Note on the Seal Impression IM 52599 from Tell Harmal", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 62–64, 1978

• Archaeological Site Photographs: Tell Harmal - Oriental Institute of Chicago
• 1997/98 excavation report of the joint German/Iraqi team
• Baked Clay Lion from Tell Harmal
• Old Babylonian Cuneiform Prism from Tell Harmal
• Tell Harmal Lions at Baghdad Museum