Terrorism in Myanmar
In Myanmar (formerly Burma), terrorism is defined by the country's counter-terrorism law and its subsections, which is interpreted by the Anti-Terrorism Central Committee and enforced by the government of Myanmar.[1] Two groups are currently listed as terrorist organisations in accordance with Myanmar's counter-terrorism law; the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA), which was added on 25 August 2017,[2] [3][4] The SPDC military government called the Vigorous Burmese Student Warriors (VBSW) "terrorists" after their role in the 1999 Myanmar Embassy siege, but the group was never legally declared as such.[5]
Armed conflicts
Protests and government changes
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Notable incidents
- On 19 July 1947 at approximately 10:37 AM (MMT), several Burmese independence leaders were gunned down by a group of armed men in uniform while they were holding a cabinet meeting at the Secretariat in downtown Rangoon (present-day Yangon).[6]
- On 9 October 1983, three North Korean agents attempted to assassinate Chun Doo-hwan, the fifth president of South Korea, by bombing the Martyrs' Mausoleum, where Doo-hwan was commemorating the sacrifice of the Burmese leaders assassinated in 1947. The blast killed 21 people and injured 46.[7]
- On 7 October 1999, members of the Vigorous Burmese Student Warriors (VBSW) seized the Burmese embassy in Bangkok, Thailand, in an event known as the 1999 Myanmar Embassy siege. Hostages were taken by the VBSW, but all were released without harm after negotiations with Thai authorities. The attackers were later escorted back to Thailand's border with Myanmar.[5]
- On 30 May 2003 at 8:00 PM (MMT), 70 people associated with the National League for Democracy were massacred by a government-sponsored mob in Tabayin, Sagaing Region, in an event known as the Depayin massacre.[8][9][10]
- On 7 May 2005, simultaneous bomb blasts killed 11 people and injured 162 in Yangon. Authorities blamed Karen and Shan insurgents for the bombings.[11]
- On 15 April 2010, three separate bombs went off in Yangon during the Thingyan Water Festival, killing 10 people and injuring 178 others in an event known as the April 2010 Yangon Thingyan bombings.[12]
- In October 2013, a series of unexplained bombings occurred nationwide, resulting in the deaths of three people and multiple injuries.[13]
- On 9 October 2016, hundreds of insurgents attacked three Burmese border posts along Myanmar's border with Bangladesh, killing nine Burmese border officers. The Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (then known as "Harakah al-Yaqin") claimed responsibility for the attack, which the government labeled an act of terrorism.[14][15][16][17]
- On 25 August 2017, up to 150 ARSA insurgents participated in coordinated attacks on 24 police posts and the 552nd Light Infantry Battalion army base in Rakhine State. Twelve members of Myanmar's security forces were killed in the attacks, which the government labeled an act of terrorism.[18][19][20]
- Kha Maung Seik massacre: On 25 August 2017, Hindu villages in an area known as Kha Maung Seik in the northern Maungdaw District of Rakhine State were attacked and 99 Bengali Hindu villagers were massacred, allegedly by insurgents from the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army.[21][22] A month later, the Myanmar Army discovered mass graves containing the corpses of 45 Hindus, most of whom were women and children.[23][24]
References
- "The Republic of the Union of Myanmar Anti-terrorism Central Committee Statement". National Reconciliation and Peace Centre. Archived from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
- "Exclusive: Is this the final confrontation for the Rohingya?". Dhaka Tribune. 27 August 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
- "Myanmar army ordered to take offensive against Arakan Army". AP via Washington Post. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- "Spokesman: Myanmar Army Kills 13 Rebels in Rakhine Clashes". Reuters via VOA. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- "Embassy gunmen flee". BBC News. 2 October 1999.
- "Who Killed Aung San?, an interview with Gen. Kyaw Zaw". The Irrawaddy. August 1997.
- Historical Abstracts, EBSCOhost (1983). "Materials on massacre of Korean officials in Rangoon". Korea & World Affairs. 7 (4): 735.
- Zarni Mann (31 May 2013). "A Decade Later, Victims Still Seeking Depayin Massacre Justice". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
- "Police file whitewashes Depayin massacre". Democratic Voice Of Burma. 30 May 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
- "Depayin and The Driver". Democratic Voice Of Burma. 12 November 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
- "Asia-Pacific | Bomb blasts rock Burmese capital". BBC News. 7 May 2005. Archived from the original on 18 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
- "Man Accused of Thingyan Bombing Dies at Home | The Irrawaddy Magazine". Irrawaddy.org. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
- "Who's Behind the Bombings in Myanmar?". The Irrawaddy. 18 October 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
- "Myanmar policemen killed in Rakhine border attack". BBC News. 9 October 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
- "Myanmar Army Evacuates Villagers, Teachers From Hostilities in Maungdaw". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
- "Rakhine: Myanmar urged to allow aid into restive state". BBC News. 21 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- "Eight dead in clashes between Myanmar army and militants in Rakhine". Reuters. 13 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
- "Myanmar tensions: Dozens dead in Rakhine militant attack". BBC News. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
- Htusan, Esther (25 August 2017). "Myanmar: 71 die in militant attacks on police, border posts". AP News. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
- Lone, Wa; Slodkowski, Antoni (24 August 2017). "At least 12 dead in Muslim insurgent attacks in northwest Myanmar". Reuters. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
- "Myanmar: New evidence reveals Rohingya armed group massacred scores in Rakhine State". www.amnesty.org.
- Heidler, Scott (29 September 2017). "Fear as Myanmar violence hits Bengali Hindus". Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera Media Network. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
- "Rohingya militants 'massacred Hindus'". BBC News. 22 May 2018.
- Birsel, Robert; Bhatia, Rahul (25 September 2017). "Myanmar finds more bodies in mass grave; U.N. seeks rapid aid increase". Reuters.com. Reuters. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
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