Textile Workers Union of America

Local 169, New York City

In 1901, the United Textile Workers of America (UTW) was formed as an affiliate of the American Federation of Labor (AFL). The UTW, which had its greatest strength in the North, called a strike of textile workers in 1934 to protest worsening working conditions during the Great Depression. The strike was, however, a failure, especially in the South. UTW also called a strike in 1922.[1]

In 1937, the Committee for Industrial Organization (later the Congress of Industrial Organizations or CIO) formed the Textile Workers Organizing Committee (TWOC) as an alternative to the UTW. In 1939, locals from the TWOC and the UTW merged to form the Textile Workers Union of America (TWUA). The TWUA led numerous organizing campaigns in the union-resistant South, aiming to help textile workers achieve higher wages, health insurance and other benefits, and to ensure fair labor practices.

The TWUA was a leading organization in Operation Dixie, the CIO's post-World War II drive to organize industries in the American South. The unions hoped that by building on the successful organization of wartime industries and using methods proved effective by auto and steel workers, it would be possible to overcome the consequences of the UTW's failed 1934 strike. The TWUA was able to organize new plants and revive some moribund organizations, but was unable to achieve a breakthrough win which would organize the whole industry. Operation Dixie was retired by 1954.

In the 1960s and 1970s the TWUA found itself in competition with other unions for representation in large Southern plants. In 1976, the TWUA merged with another garment union, the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, to form the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union (ACTWU).

After several further mergers, the TWUA's textile locals became part Workers United, a manufacturing and hospitality workers union.

• 1922 New England Textile Strike

• (successor organization)
• Histories of UNITE! and Predecessor Unions. Bibliographies compiled by Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations Margaret Catherwood Library. Retrieved May 24, 2005.
• Patton, Randall L. "Textile Organizing in a Sunbelt South Community: Northwest Georgia's Carpet Industry in the Early 1960s." Labor History. August 1998. Retrieved May 24, 2005.
• Oral History Interview with Scott Hoyman (organizer in 1940s) from Oral Histories of the American South

• Greenhouse, Steven. "Sol Stetin, 95, Labor Leader Who Unionized J. P. Stevens, Dies." New York Times. May 24, 2005.
• Leifermann, Henry P. Crystal Lee, a Woman of Inheritance. New York: Macmillan, 1975. (This account of union organizer Crystal Lee was later made into the Academy Award-winning movie Norma Rae.)
• McLaurin, Melton Alonza. Paternalism and Protest: Southern Cotton Mill Workers and Organized Labor, 1875–1905. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing, 1971. ISBN 0-8371-4662-3
• Norma Rae (Academy Award-winning movie about union organizer Crystal Lee).