The Ghan

The Ghan (/ɡæn/)[2] is an experiential tourism-oriented passenger train service that operates between the northern and southern coasts of Australia, through the cities of Adelaide, Alice Springs and Darwin on the Adelaide–Darwin rail corridor. Operated by Journey Beyond Rail Expeditions, its scheduled travelling time, including extended stops for passengers to do off-train tours, is 53 hours 15 minutes to travel the 2,979 kilometres (1,851 mi).[3][4] The Ghan has been described as one of the world's great passenger trains.[5][6]

This article is about the train service in Australia. For the Australian outback cameleers from Afghanistan and India, see Afghan (Australia). For other uses, see Ghan.

The Ghan
The Ghan at Alice Springs in July 2015
Overview
Service typeTranscontinental passenger rail
StatusOperating
LocaleAustralia
First service1929
Current operator(s)Journey Beyond Rail Expeditions
Former operator(s)Commonwealth Railways
Australian National
Websitewww.journeybeyondrail.com.au  
Route
TerminiAdelaide Parklands Terminal
Darwin
Distance travelled2,979 km (1,851 mi)
Average journey time52 hours 30 minutes(average)
Service frequencyWeekly
Line(s) usedAdelaide–Darwin rail corridor
On-board services
Seating arrangementsAll in roomette/twinette compartments
Sleeping arrangementsYes
Auto-rack arrangementsYes
Observation facilitiesNo dome car
Entertainment facilitiesPiano
Technical
Rolling stockCommonwealth Railways stainless steel carriage stock
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
Average length774 m (2,539 ft)[1]
Route map
 Darwin
 Katherine
 Alice Springs
Northern Territory
South Australia
 Marla
 Coober Pedy
 Adelaide

Etymology
The standard-gauge route of The Ghan (line completed to Darwin in 2004); the former narrow-gauge route (Central Australia Railway, completed to Alice Springs terminus in 1929); and the standard-gauge line to Marree opened in 1957. Click to enlarge.
The Ghan is known for travelling through remarkable scenery on its transcontinental journey

The service's name is an abbreviated version of its previous nickname, The Afghan Express. The nickname is reputed to have been bestowed in 1923 by one of its crews.[7] Some suggest the train's name honours Afghan camel drivers who arrived in Australia in the late 19th century to help the British colonists find a way to reach the country's interior.[8]

A contrary view is that the name was a veiled insult. In 1891, the railway from Quorn reached remote Oodnadatta where an itinerant population of around 150 cameleers were based, generically called "Afghans". "The Ghan Express" name originated with train crews in the 1890s as a taunt to officialdom because, when an expensive sleeping car was put on from Quorn to Oodnadatta, "on the first return journey the only passenger was an Afghan", mocking its commercial viability.[9]

By as early as 1924, because of the notorious unreliability of this fortnightly steam train, European pastoralists commonly called it "in ribald fashion The Afghan Express".[10] By 1951, when steam engines were replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, this disparaging derivation, like the cameleers, had faded away. Modern marketing has completed the name turnabout.

Operations

The Ghan was privatised in 1997 and has since then been operated by Journey Beyond Rail Expeditions (formerly known as Great Southern Rail), initially as part of the Serco Group. Great Southern Rail was sold to Allegro Funds, a Sydney investment fund, in March 2015.[11]

The train usually runs once weekly. During December 2012 and January 2013, it ran only once every two weeks.[4] Until 2016, a second service operated between June and September, recommencing again in May 2019 due to demand.[4][12] The train stops at Adelaide, Alice Springs, Katherine and Darwin; the stops at Alice Springs and Katherine allow time for passengers to take optional tours.[13]

Each train has an average of 28 stainless steel carriages, built by Comeng, Granville, in the late 1960s and early 1970s for the Indian Pacific, plus a motorail wagon.[14] The average length of the train is 774 metres (2,539 ft).[15] Two Pacific National NR class locomotives haul the train, previously AN class or a DL class locomotives assisted. Locomotive crews are sourced from Pacific National, with the on-train staff employed by Journey Beyond.

History

Starting in August 1929, The Ghan ran on the Central Australian Railway, originally built as a 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow-gauge railway to Alice Springs under Chief Engineer, Commonwealth Railways, N. G. Bell. In 1957, the 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge Stirling North to Marree line opened, and the Ghan was curtailed to operate only north of Marree.

In October 1980, the remainder of the line was replaced by a standard-gauge line built to the west of the original line. An extension north from Alice Springs to Darwin opened in January 2004.[16]

Original Ghan

Construction of what was then known as the Port Augusta to Government Gums Railway began in 1878 when Premier of South Australia William Jervois broke ground at Port Augusta.[7] The 1,070 mm (3 ft 6 in) line reached Hawker in June 1880, Beltana in July 1881, Marree in January 1884 and Oodnadatta in January 1891.[17] Work on the extension to Alice Springs began in 1926,[18] and was completed in 1929. Until then, the final leg of the train journey was still made by camel.[19]

Although there were plans from the beginning to extend the line to Darwin, by the time the extension to Alice Springs had been completed, The Ghan was losing money and the plans for further extension to Darwin were suspended indefinitely.[20] The original Ghan line followed the same track as the overland telegraph, which is believed to be the route taken by John McDouall Stuart during his 1862 crossing of Australia.[21]

The Ghan service was notorious for delays caused by washouts of the track. A flatcar immediately behind the locomotive carried spare sleepers and railway tools, so passengers and crew could repair the line. The very uncertain service via this route was tolerated because steam locomotives needed large quantities of water, and Stuart's route to Alice Springs was the only one that had sufficient available water.

Initially operated fortnightly, in the 1930s, it was increased to weekly. From 1956 until 1975, it operated twice weekly, before reverting to a weekly service.[22]

During World War II, the service had to be greatly expanded, putting great pressure on the limited water supplies. As a result, de-mineralisation towers, some of which survive to this day, were built along the track so that bore water could be used. When a new line to Alice Springs was built in the 1970s, the use of diesel locomotives meant that there was far less need for water, thus allowing the line to take the much drier route from Tarcoola to Alice Springs.

The last narrow gauge service departed Alice Springs on 26 November 1980.[23]

New line

In October 1980, a new standard gauge line from Tarcoola on the Trans-Australian Railway to Alice Springs opened, and the train took the form it has today. The new line is approximately 160 kilometres (99 mi) west of the former line in order to avoid floodplains where the original line was often washed away during heavy rain.[19] It was also hoped that the construction of the new line would improve the train's timekeeping.[20]

The first Ghan on the new line departed Adelaide on 11 December 1980.[24] It initially operated as a broad gauge service to Port Pirie. Following the conversion of the Adelaide to Crystal Brook to standard gauge in 1982, it operated as a standard gauge train throughout. Operating weekly, a second service was operated between May and October.[25][26]

In November 1998, one service per week was extended from Adelaide to Melbourne while from April 1999, the other was diverted to operate to Sydney via Broken Hill.[27][28][29][30] The extensions were withdrawn in November 2002 and March 2003 respectively.[31][32]

Connection to Darwin

Construction of Alice Springs–Darwin line was believed to be the second-largest civil engineering project in Australia, and the largest since the creation of the Snowy Mountains Scheme.[33][34] Line construction began in July 2001, with the first passenger train reaching Darwin on 3 February 2004, after 126 years of planning and waiting[35][36] and at a cost of $1.3 billion.[37]

The Ghan's arrival in Darwin signified a new era of tourism in the Northern Territory,[38] making travel to the region easier and more convenient.[39] The rail link will allow for more freight to travel through the region, leading to a hope that Darwin will serve as another trade link with Asia.[40]

In preparation for the connection to Darwin, one of the locomotives was named after wildlife expert Steve Irwin, an international symbol of outback Australia,[41] to promote the new service and tourism to the region.[42]

Suspension during pandemic

The Ghan was suspended for five months from March to August 2020 due to COVID-19 restrictions and border closures – the longest suspension in the train's existence. The first post-COVID train departed Adelaide for Darwin on 31 August 2020. The train would later be suspended again on its final run of the 2020 season due to a lockdown in South Australia.[43]

Media depictions

The original Ghan was featured in an episode of BBC Television's series Great Railway Journeys of the World in 1980, presented by Michael Frayn.

The modern Ghan featured in an episode of Channel 5 series Chris Tarrant: Extreme Railways, and the Mighty Trains series.[44]

In 2018, it was also the subject of SBS slow television documentary The Ghan: Australia's Greatest Train Journey. The entire journey from Adelaide to Darwin which was filmed in 2017, was condensed into a three-hour highlights show with no voiceover or narration, much of it featuring footage directly from the front of the locomotive and various helicopter views.[45] An extended 17-hour version of the show aired on SBS's secondary channel, SBS Viceland.[46]

In October 2019, the train featured in BBC Two's episode one of Michael Portillo's Great Australian Railway Journeys.[47]

Noteworthy incidents
  • On 24 October 2002, The Ghan collided with a school bus in Salisbury, South Australia. Four people on the bus were killed, but there were no significant injuries to Ghan passengers.[48]
  • On 12 December 2006, The Ghan collided with a truck at a level crossing and derailed 35 kilometres (22 mi) south of Adelaide River in the Northern Territory. Seven of the eleven carriages came off the tracks. One woman was critically injured; other passengers received only minor injuries. The truck driver involved was arrested, according to the NT police,[49] charged and found guilty[50] of a number of charges related to the accident.
  • On 4 March 2007, rain washed out a portion of the track between Darwin and Adelaide River. During the period of repairs, trains terminated at Katherine.[51]
  • On 6 August 2007, The Ghan collided with a sewage truck at a level crossing 50 km (31 mi) north of Adelaide in South Australia. Three passengers suffered from shock and minor injuries. The truck driver was temporarily trapped in his vehicle.[52]
  • On 6 June 2009, a nineteen-year-old American tourist clung to the outside of The Ghan for two hours and 200 kilometres (120 mi) when he was locked out of the train following a stop in Port Augusta. A technician heard his screams and stopped the train.[53]
  • Ghan passengers stretch their legs at one of the many stops to take on water – Finke, north of the South Australia / Northern Territory border, winter ca 1948
    Ghan passengers stretch their legs at one of the many stops to take on water – Finke, north of the South Australia / Northern Territory border, winter ca 1948
  • Flash floods regularly washed away bridges and track on the narrow-gauge railway. The Ghan is climbing out of the Finke River depression after track was laid on the river bed as a cheap solution.
    Flash floods regularly washed away bridges and track on the narrow-gauge railway. The Ghan is climbing out of the Finke River depression after track was laid on the river bed as a cheap solution.
  • Proceeding through the Finke River was possible with trains hauled by steam locomotives but not with diesel-electrics because of their low-slung traction motors
    Proceeding through the Finke River was possible with trains hauled by steam locomotives but not with diesel-electrics because of their low-slung traction motors
  • The Ghan in the narrow-gauge diesel-hauled era (pre-1980): the train, headed by an NJ class locomotive, is ready to depart Alice Springs, about 1973
    The Ghan in the narrow-gauge diesel-hauled era (pre-1980): the train, headed by an NJ class locomotive, is ready to depart Alice Springs, about 1973
  • A latter-day narrow-gauge Ghan restaurant car retained at the Old Ghan Heritage Railway and Museum, Alice Springs, in 2009
    A latter-day narrow-gauge Ghan restaurant car retained at the Old Ghan Heritage Railway and Museum, Alice Springs, in 2009
  • The Ghan at Darwin railway station, East Arm, in 2005
    The Ghan at Darwin railway station, East Arm, in 2005
  • The Ghan, southbound, on the curve into Alice Springs, 2015
    The Ghan, southbound, on the curve into Alice Springs, 2015
  • The train, further back, looking towards Alice Springs
    The train, further back, looking towards Alice Springs
  • The Ghan at Darwin station in 2011; the locomotive was one of several bearing the train's logo and red livery
    The Ghan at Darwin station in 2011; the locomotive was one of several bearing the train's logo and red livery
  • The Ghan at its southern departure point, the Adelaide Parklands Terminal
    The Ghan at its southern departure point, the Adelaide Parklands Terminal
  • The first-class restaurant car on The Ghan (standard gauge), 2009
    The first-class restaurant car on The Ghan (standard gauge), 2009
  • An NSU class diesel locomotive that hauled The Ghan in the narrow-gauge era, now operating at the Pichi Richi Railway
    An NSU class diesel locomotive that hauled The Ghan in the narrow-gauge era, now operating at the Pichi Richi Railway

References
  1. "About The Ghan". Journey Beyond Rail Expeditions. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  2. "Ghan". ABC Pronounce. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 5 March 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  3. "Trainline 6 Statistical Report" (PDF). Bureau of Infrastructure and Transport Research Economics. 2018. p. 108. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  4. Timetables Archived 12 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Great Southern Rail
  5. "TrainReview's guide to The Ghan". Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020..
  6. Malathronas, John (8 December 2015). "11 of the world's most luxurious train journeys". CNN. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  7. Barrington R, Babbage J (1980). History of the Pichi Railway. Pichi Richi Railway Preservation Society. ISBN 0-959850-96-1.
  8. "Australia: Going, going, Ghan". CNN. 3 March 2004. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 27 January 2008.
  9. News newspaper, 10 July 1937, p. 4.
  10. Register newspaper, 20 October 1924, p. 9.
  11. South Australia’s iconic train experience The Ghan bought by Sydney investment fund The Advertiser, 30 March 2015. Accessed 31 March 2015.
  12. Great Southern Rail to halve services on The Ghan, Indian Pacific after Federal Government cuts Archived 18 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine ABC News, 6 August 2015.
  13. "Want to see more of Australia along the way? Just whistle!" Archived 22 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Great Southern Rail website.
  14. "History" Archived 2 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Great Southern Rail website.
  15. "The Ghan stats". Great Southern Rail. Archived from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  16. A distant dream becomes reality Archived 3 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine The Age 10 January 2004
  17. "Interpreting Beltana's History, interpretative signs around the town". Heritage South Australia, Government of South Australia. 2006. Archived from the original on 19 September 2006. Retrieved 10 September 2006.
  18. Mitchell, Barry (26 May 2006). "The Ghan". Australia Wide. ABC 2. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2008.
  19. Tregaskis, Moana (16 September 1990). "On the 2 pm from Adelaide to Alice". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 January 2008.
  20. Pfeiff, Margo (5 September 2004). "Slicing Through Australia's Center". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2008.
  21. Burton, Rosamund (9 December 2006). "Into the Red". The Australian. Retrieved 28 January 2008.
  22. Here & There Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin issue 506 December 1979 page 6
  23. Here & There Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin issue 521 March 1981 page 24
  24. The Window Seat Network September 1980 page 27
  25. The New Ghan The Railway Magazine issue 967 November 1981 page 522
  26. Intelligence Railway Gazette International June 1982 page 420
  27. "GSR Announce Changes to Ghan & Overland" Railway Digest August 1998 page 10
  28. GSR's Ghan Commences Melbourne Runs Catch Point issue 129 January 1999 page 5
  29. "Ghan Sydney Bound in April" Railway Digest February 1999 page 12
  30. First Run of Ghan to Sydney Catch Point issue 131 May 1999 page 5
  31. Here & There Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin issue 786 April 2003 page 152
  32. Last Ghan into Sydney pulls up short Railway Digest May 2003 page 8
  33. Ian Hammond (1 August 2000). "Work Starts This Month on Alice-Darwin Line". International Railway Journal. Archived from the original on 9 February 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
  34. "Tunnels, Dams & Power Stations". Heritage Office News. Heritage Council of NSW. 1998. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
  35. "First Train". AustralAsia Railway Corporation. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
  36. "About the Ghan". Automobile Association of the Northern Territory. Archived from the original on 28 February 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
  37. "Croc Hunter Launches Another Beast". The Age. Melbourne. 25 September 2003. Archived from the original on 17 December 2003. Retrieved 27 January 2008.
  38. Barker, Anne (3 February 2004). "International Journalists Cover the Ghan's Journey". The World Today Archive. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2008.
  39. "Train Track Opens Awesome Outback". CNN. 1 February 2004. Archived from the original on 19 March 2007. Retrieved 27 January 2008.
  40. Squires, Nick (15 January 2004). "Mile-long Train Blazes New Trail Through Parched Heart of Outback". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 27 January 2008.
  41. "Steve Irwin (1962-2006)". Queensland Business Leaders Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  42. "Ghan's New 'Steve Irwin' Loco to Bring Tourists to Top End". ABC News. 26 September 2003. Archived from the original on 22 February 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2008.
  43. "Return date for Australia's famous Ghan announced". trainreview.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
  44. "Watch video online | Discovery". Discovery.ca. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
  45. "This should be the most boring show on TV but people love it". news.com.au. 10 January 2018. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  46. SBS to air 17-hour episode of 'slow TV' hit The Ghan Archived 19 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine The Sydney Morning Herald, 11 January 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  47. "BBC Two - Great Australian Railway Journeys, Series 1, Port Augusta to Darwin: The Ghan". BBC. 2019. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  48. Debelle, Penelope (25 October 2002). "Four Die After Ghan Collides with Packed School Bus". The Age. Melbourne. Archived from the original on 31 May 2004. Retrieved 27 January 2008.
  49. "Ghan derailment victim critical". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australian Associated Press. 13 December 2006. Archived from the original on 6 June 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2006.
  50. "Court finds Ghan crash driver guilty". National Nine News. 1 December 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  51. "Rains Wash Section of Ghan Rail Link". The Age. Melbourne. 4 March 2007. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2008.
  52. "Ghan train smashes into truck". The Age. Melbourne: Australian Associated Press. 6 August 2007. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2007.
  53. O'Loughlin, Toni (8 June 2009). "American tourist defies death on train across Australian desert". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.

Further reading
  • Bromby, Robin (2004). Rails to the Top End: the Adelaide-Darwin transcontinental railway (4th ed.). Alice Springs, NT: Paul Fitzsimons. ISBN 0958176019.
  • Fuller, Basil (2012). The Ghan: the story of the Alice Springs railway. Chatswood, NSW: New Holland Publishers. ISBN 9781742572758.
  • Grady, Ian; Fuchs, Don (2007). The Ghan - Australia's grand rail journey: Adelaide to Darwin via the Red Centre and Top End. Winston Hills, NSW: Golden Gecko Press. ISBN 9780980371604.
  • Brunhouse, Jay (July 2006). "All Aboard! New Ghan: out of Darwin". International Travel News. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  • Rickard, Lucy (19 June 2012). "Iconic outback train trip". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  • Huxley, John (28 September 2016). "On board The Ghan: travelling Adelaide to Darwin on a luxury train". Traveller.com.au. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
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