The Big Rock Candy Mountains

"The Big Rock Candy Mountains", first recorded and copyrighted by Harry McClintock in 1928,[1] is a country folk song about a hobo's idea of paradise, a modern version of the medieval concept of Cockaigne. It is a place where "hens lay soft-boiled eggs" and there are "cigarette trees". McClintock said that he wrote the song in 1895, based on tales from his youth hoboing through the United States while working for the railroad as a brakeman.[2] It is catalogued as Roud Folk Song Index No. 6696.[3]

For the novel, see The Big Rock Candy Mountain (novel).

History

The song was first recorded by McClintock, also known by his "hobo" name of Haywire Mac. McClintock said that he wrote the song, though it was likely partially based on other ballads, including "An Invitation to Lubberland" and "The Appleknocker's Lament". Other popular itinerant songs of the day such as "Hobo's Paradise", "Hobo Heaven", "Sweet Potato Mountains", and "Little Streams of Whiskey" likely served as inspiration, as they mention concepts similar to those in "Big Rock Candy Mountain".[4]

Before recording the song, McClintock cleaned it up considerably from the version he sang as a street busker in the 1890s. Originally the song described a child being recruited into hobo life by tales of the "big rock candy mountain". In later years, when McClintock appeared in court as part of a copyright dispute, he cited the original words of the song, the last stanza of which was:

The punk rolled up his big blue eyes
And said to the jocker, "Sandy,
I've hiked and hiked and wandered too,
But I ain't seen any candy.
I've hiked and hiked till my feet are sore
And I'll be damned if I hike any more
To be * * * * * * * *
In the Big Rock Candy Mountains.

The lyrics of the missing line have not been made public; in the released version the entire verse was omitted.[5]

The song was not popularized until 1939, when it peaked at #1 on Billboard magazine's country music charts.[6] But it achieved more widespread popularity in 1949 when a sanitized version intended for children was re-recorded by Burl Ives. It has been recorded by many artists throughout the world, but a version recorded in 1960 by Dorsey Burnette to date was the biggest success for the song in the post-1954 "rock era", having reached No. 102 on Billboard's chart.

The most famous version has this refrain:

Oh, the buzzin' of the bees in the cigarette trees
The soda water fountain
Where the lemonade springs and the bluebird sings
In that Big Rock Candy Mountain.

Sanitized versions have been popular, especially with children's musicians; in these, the "cigarette trees" become peppermint trees, and the "streams of alcohol" trickling down the rocks become streams of lemonade. The lake of whiskey becomes a lake of soda pop.

Editions

Folklorist John Greenway published the song in his American Folksongs of Protest (1953), redacting only the second to last line. Bowdlerized versions are included in Irwin Silber's Songs of the Great American West (1967) and Alan Lomax's The Penguin Book of American Folk Songs (1964).[7]

A folk version of the song is included in the Gordon "Inferno" Collection in the Library of Congress, under the title "The Appleknocker's Lament".[8]

Recordings

Other renditions

References to the song

Physical locations

A cluster of brightly colored hills just north of Marysvale, Utah, near the Fishlake National Forest, is named the "Big Rock Candy Mountain". In 1928, after the song had been released, some Utah residents jokingly placed a sign at the base of the hills labeling it the "Big Rock Candy Mountain", along with a sign next to a nearby spring proclaiming it "Lemonade Springs". The Big Rock Candy Mountain Resort[10] currently sits at the base of the hills offering lodging and an assortment of high adventure activities through Big Rock Adventure.[11] The resort is also a major hub on the infamous Paiute ATV trail.[12][13]

Other rock formations in the United States have also borrowed the name of the song; the largest exposed rock in the South Platte rock climbing area of Colorado is also called "Big Rock Candy Mountain" because of its colored stripes resembling a candy cane.[14][15] Additionally, one of the peaks in the Capitol State Forest in Washington State is named "Big Rock Candy Mountain".

In literature

In film and television
  • The 1963 Famous Studios Screen Song, Hobo's Holiday, features the adult lyrics which appear on screen with a bouncing ball.
  • The 1977 Rankin/Bass special The Easter Bunny Is Comin' to Town includes the famous refrain (with "peppermint trees"), but not the rest of the song.
  • In 1987, photographer Robert Frank directed a screenplay by Rudy Wurlitzer entitled Candy Mountain that references the song.
  • The 2000 film O Brother, Where Art Thou? uses this song in the opening credits.
  • A performance of the song by John Hartford appears on the Down from the Mountain concert film and soundtrack in 2000.
  • The theme song to the 2008-2010 TV series The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack is a version of the song with modified lyrics, referring to "a place called Candied Island" instead of "Big Rock Candy Mountain". The series itself echoes the song, as it features two hobo-like characters searching for the fabled paradise of Candied Island.
  • In the 2005 movie Brokeback Mountain, when Lureen is speaking to Ennis on the phone after Jack's death, she says that she was never sure if Brokeback Mountain was a real location: "knowing Jack, it was probably some pretend place, where bluebirds sing and there's a whiskey spring..."--the bluebirds and whiskey parts of this line being paraphrases from "Big Rock Candy Mountain."
  • During the first dream sequence in the 2011 horror film Twixt, the lyrics of the song are sung with an alternate melody.
  • In the 2003 film Runaway Jury, an adaptation of a John Grisham legal thriller, Jacob Wood has to learn the words of the song for his son's birthday. This does not occur in the novel.
  • In the 2012-2014 Cartoon Network show, adapted from a YouTube series, "The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange" there is a character named Big Rock Candy Monster, from the planet of Marshmalia (a land that is an allusion to this song). Big Rock Candy Monster also appears in the Annoying Orange parody of "Gangnam Style", "ORANGE NYA NYA STYLE (GANGNAM STYLE PARODY)".
  • In the 2015 film Room, Ma (Brie Larson) sings a version of the song to her son Jack (Jacob Tremblay).
  • In the SyFy channel series Van Helsing, Sam sings bits of the song in the episode "Little Thing" and the Burl Ives rendition is played over the closing credits of several episodes.
  • The Ives version of the song is played in the season 4 episode "Something Stupid" of AMC's crime drama Better Call Saul.
  • Throughout the 2019 DuckTales episode GlomTales, Scrooge McDuck and his family are traveling to Rock Candy Mountain to find the Hobo King's treasure.
  • The song appears in the background of a 2021 TV advertisement for the Chevrolet Silverado truck.[16]

In music

References
  1. "Victor matrix BVE-46454. The Big Rock Candy Mountains / Mac [i.e., Harry K. McClintock] - Discography of American Historical Recordings".
  2. Harry "Haywire Mac" McClintock- Biography Archived 2021-12-01 at the Wayback Machine, Bluegrass Messengers
  3. "Roud Folksong Index No. 6696". Vaughan Williams Memorial Library. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
  4. Rammel, Hal (1990). Nowhere in America: the Big Rock Candy Mountain and Other Comic Utopias. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252017179. Retrieved September 23, 2010.
  5. Granade, S Andrew (2014). Harry Partch, Hobo Composer. Boydell & Brewer. p. 205. ISBN 9781580464956. Retrieved June 21, 2016.
  6. Billboard June 24, 1939, p. 127
  7. DePastino, Todd (2003). Citizen Hobo: How a Century of Homelessness Shaped America. Chicago / London: University of Chicago Press. pp. 88, 286, note 112. ISBN 9780226143781.
  8. "The Big Rock Candy Mountain (3)". Sniff.numachi.com. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
  9. "Through the Woods: An Appalachian Adventure Album" (PDF). Okee Dokee.org (pdf). Retrieved January 16, 2016.
  10. "Big Rock Candy Mountain Resort". Big Rock Candy Mountain. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  11. "Big Rock Adventure". Big Rock Adventure. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  12. "ATV Paiute Trail". Visitutah.com. Archived from the original on 2019-02-09. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
  13. Wilkerson, Christine. "Big Rock Candy Mountain - Utah Geological Survey". Geology.utah.gov. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
  14. "Rock Climbing Routes in Big Rock Candy Mountain, South Platte Area". Rockclimbing.com. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
  15. Hansen, Brian. "Big Rock Candy Mountain". Climbing Boulder.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2008.
  16. "2021 Chevrolet Silverado TV Spot, 'Cat' Song by Harry McClintock [T1]". Retrieved October 15, 2022 – via iSpot.tv.

Further reading
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