Pillsbury (brand)

The Pillsbury Company is a US-based company that was one of the world's largest cake manufacturers and producers of grain and other foodstuffs until it was bought by General Mills in 2001. General Mills brands consist of Annie's, Betty Crocker, Nature Valley, Yoplait, Haagen-Dazs, and Blue Buffalo. It also has ownership in various cereal products including Cheerios, Chex, Lucky Charms, Trix, and Cocoa Puffs.[1] Antitrust law required General Mills to sell off some of the products, so the company kept the rights to refrigerated and frozen Pillsbury branded products, while dry baking products and frosting were sold to the Orrville, Ohio–based Smucker company under license. Brynwood Partners agreed to purchase Pillsbury from Smuckers for $375 million in July 2018.[2] In September 2018, the sale was completed along with other brands including Martha White and Hungry Jack.[3]

The Pillsbury Company
TypePublic
FoundedMinneapolis, Minnesota, U.S., 1869 (1869)
FoundersCharles Alfred Pillsbury
John S. Pillsbury
FateAcquired by General Mills; assets divided
SuccessorGeneral Mills
Headquarters
Minneapolis, Minnesota
,
U.S.
Websitewww.pillsbury.com

History

Founding and early development
Postcard featuring Pillsbury with the caption, "the Largest Flour Mill in the World, Minneapolis, Minnesota

"C.A. Pillsbury and Company" was founded in 1869 by Charles Alfred Pillsbury and his uncle John S. Pillsbury. The company was second in the United States (after Washburn-Crosby) to use steel rollers for processing grain. The finished product required transportation, so the Pillsburys assisted in funding railroad development in Minnesota.

In 1889, Pillsbury and its five mills on the banks of the Mississippi River were purchased by a British company. The company also tried to purchase and merge with the Washburn Crosby Company (a precursor of General Mills), but the principals at Washburn prevented the takeover.[4]

In 1923, the Pillsbury family reacquired "Pillsbury-Washburn Flour Mills Company, Limited" which subsequently was incorporated in 1935 as "Pillsbury Flour Mills Company".[5]

1950s
A Pillsbury ghost sign in New Kensington, Pennsylvania

In 1949, the company introduced a national baking competition, which came to be known as the Pillsbury Bake-Off; it was nationally broadcast on CBS for many years.

Only seven products used the Pillsbury name in 1950, but the company began adding to its product line.[6] The early 1950s brought the acquisition of Ballard & Ballard Company and the beginning of packaged biscuit dough, which would become one of the company's most important and profitable product lines in later decades. The company began advertising heavily on television. In 1957, Pillsbury commissioned a TV commercial jingle (from its advertising agency Leo Burnett) with the main lyrics "Nothin' says lovin/Like somethin' from the oven/And Pillsbury says it best". The jingle became a well-known signature of the company and was used, with modifications, for at least 20 years.

Later corporate acquisitions included restaurants such as Burger King, Steak and Ale, Bennigan's, Godfather's Pizza, Häagen-Dazs, and Quik Wok, plus popular grocery store food brands such as Green Giant.

1960s–1970s

Advertising company Leo Burnett created Pillsbury's Doughboy in 1965.[7]

In the 1960s, Pillsbury added Sweet* 10 made with cyclamate, which became the most popular artificial sweetener. In 1964, Pillsbury introduced Funny Face Drink Mix with the names Goofy Grape, Rootin' Tootin' Raspberry, Freckle Face Strawberry, Loud Mouth Lime, Chinese Cherry (later Choo-Choo Cherry), and Injun Orange (later Jolly Olly Orange). Lefty Lemon followed in 1965, along with other flavors. The Funny Face characters, as well as the Funny Face brand were created in 1963 by Hal Silverman, a Creative Director at Campbell Mithun Advertising. When cyclamate was banned, Sweet* 10 and Funny Face were eliminated, resulting in a $4.5 million loss. Both products were re-introduced after changes, and the drinks became available sweetened and unsweetened.[6]

Another drink mix introduced in 1966[8] was Moo Juice, a flavored powder that when combined with milk in a shaker, produced a milkshake. Moo Juice was also created by Hal Silverman. Its TV commercial featured a talking animation of the product's cartoon cow head mascot voiced by comedian Frank Fontaine. Moo Juice was short-lived, as its milkshakes tended to be thin compared to similar products such as Borden's Frosted and Birds Eye's Thick and Frosty.

Among the other kid foods that Silverman created for Pillsbury was Nugget Town, chocolate flavored nuggets that came in eight different, collectable packages that when popped open and folded made into a whole western town. The TV commercial featured comedian Buddy Hackett as the voice of the town's little bear sheriff. Also, there was Gorilla Milk—"...you'll go ape for Gorilla Milk, a glass in the morning and you'll swing all day"—a protein additive that turned milk into an instant breakfast. This product, aimed at teenagers, was not successful going against Carnation Instant Breakfast.

That decade, Pillsbury also created Space Food Sticks to capitalize on the popularity of the space program. Space Food Sticks were developed by Robert Muller, the inventor of the HACCP standards used by the food industry to ensure food safety.

When NASA astronaut Scott Carpenter launched into space on Mercury capsule Aurora 7 in 1962, he was carrying with him the first solid space food – small food cubes developed by Pillsbury's research and development department. Taking Pillsbury scientists more than a year to develop, space food cubes were followed by other space-friendly foods, such as cake that was not crumbly, relish that could be served in slices and meat that needed no refrigeration.

Pillsbury acquired the Burger King fast food chain in 1967.[9] Pillsbury bought the Green Giant Company in 1979.

1980s and after

The Pillsbury Company bought Häagen-Dazs in 1983. Then in 1985, Pillsbury acquired Diversifoods, the largest Burger King franchisee in the U.S. and parent company of Godfather's Pizza.[10] In 1988, Pillsbury sold the Godfather's Pizza chain to a management-led group as part of the company's restructuring moves.[11]

In 1989, the British company Grand Metropolitan (later Diageo) purchased the food maker, and during this ownership period the company divested itself of all production and distribution facilities (contracting these functions to other companies), making itself simply a marketing entity for its own brands (Pillsbury, Green Giant, Old El Paso, Totino's, etc.) Pillsbury sold all of their restaurant brands and exited the business completely by the late 1990s.In 1999, Pillsbury and Nestlé merged their U.S. and Canadian ice cream operations into a joint venture called Ice Cream Partners.[12][13]

In 2001 Nestlé exercised its contractual right to buy General Mills' interest in Ice Cream Partners, which included the right to a 99-year license for the Häagen-Dazs brand.[14][15] Pursuant to that license, the Dreyer's subsidiary of Nestlé produced and marketed Häagen-Dazs products in the United States and Canada.

In 2001, Diageo sold Pillsbury to General Mills. The baking products division was sold to International Multifoods Corporation, which was later acquired by Smucker's.

Notable achievements
panorama seen from west side of river looking east, large sign or banner says "Pillsbury A Mill, Largest Flour Mill in the World"
Pillsbury on the Mississippi River in 1905
The Pillsbury "A" Mill and neighboring Phoenix Mill in the early 1900s
The Pillsbury "A" Mill in 2006

Pillsbury once claimed to have the largest grain mill in the world at the Pillsbury A-Mill overlooking Saint Anthony Falls on the Mississippi River in Minneapolis. The building had two of the most powerful direct-drive waterwheels ever built, each putting out 1200 horsepower (900 kW). The Pillsbury A-Mill was converted to artist lofts by the Dominium company in 2016.

In 1960, Robert J. Keith, then Vice President of Pillsbury, published an article titled the "Marketing Revolution" in the leading marketing journal, Journal of Marketing.[16] The article, which was based on Keith's personal recollections, set out the way that the Pillsbury Company had evolved. He pointed out that the company had shifted from a focus on production in the 1860s to sales focus in the 1930s through to a consumer focus in the 1950s. The characteristics of these three distinct eras in Pillsbury's evolution include:[17] the production oriented era from 1869 -1930s – characterized by a 'focus on production processes'; the sales oriented era from the 1930s to the 1950s – characterized by investment in research to develop new products and advertising to persuade markets of product benefits and the marketing oriented era from the beginning of the 1950s – characterized by a focus on the customer's latent and existing needs.

In addition, Keith hypothesized that a marketing control era was about to emerge. Although Keith's article explicitly documented Pillsbury's evolution, the article appears to suggest that the stages observed at Pillsbury constitute a normal evolutionary path (production→sales→marketing) for most large organizations. Marketing scholars quickly picked up on Keith's evolutionary stages for marketing organizations and it was integrated into marketing texts and became "'accepted wisdom.[18] One content analysis of 25 introductory and advanced texts found that Keith's eras were reproduced in all but four.[19]

Keith's notion of distinct eras in the evolution of marketing practice has been widely criticized described as "hopelessly flawed".[20][21] Specific criticisms of Keith's tripartite periodization include that:

  • It ignores historical facts about business conditions[22]
  • It mis-states the nature of supply and demand[23]
  • It cites the growth of marketing institutions[24]

Systematic studies carried out since Keith's work have failed to replicate his periodization. Instead, other studies suggest that many companies exhibited a marketing orientation in the 19th century and that the business schools were teaching marketing decades before Pillsbury adopted a marketing-oriented approach.[25] Jones and Richardson also investigated historical accounts of marketing practice and found evidence for both the sales and marketing era during the so-called production era and concluded that there was no 'marketing revolution.'[26][27] Keith's eras have become known, somewhat cynically, as the standard chronology.[28] In spite of such criticisms, Keith's descriptions of the different eras continue to influence marketing thought.

See also

Footnotes
  1. "Top 7 Companies Owned by General Mills". Investopedia. Retrieved October 23, 2022.
  2. Panchadar, Arjun (July 9, 2018). "J.M. Smucker to sell Pillsbury, other U.S. baking brands for $375 million". Thomson Reuters. Retrieved March 6, 2019.
  3. Marchat, Alissa (September 4, 2018). "J.M. Smucker Co. Closes $375M Deal With Hometown Food Co". The Shelby Report. Retrieved April 7, 2019.
  4. Gray, James (1954). Business without Boundary: The Story of General Mills. University of Minnesota Press. p. 50. LCCN 54-10286.
  5. "Pillsbury Company". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Retrieved April 21, 2007.
  6. "Funny Face History". Archived from the original on January 29, 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2010.
  7. Cross, Mary (2002). A Century of American Icons: 100 Products and Slogans from the 20th-Century Consumer Culture. Greenwood Press. pp. 143–146. ISBN 978-0-313-31481-0. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
  8. HomePerch (June 3, 2021). "10 Fun Facts about the Pillsbury Doughboy". Homeperch. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  9. Smith, Andrew F. (August 30, 2006). Encyclopedia of junk food and fast food (1st ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 27–28. ISBN 0-313-33527-3.
  10. "Pillsbury Keeping Godfather's Pizza". The New York Times. August 20, 1985.
  11. "Pillsbury Accepts Bid for Godfather's Pizza Chain". Los Angeles Times. September 20, 1988. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
  12. Barboza, David (July 18, 2000). "General Mills-Pillsbury Deal Includes Culture and History". New York Times. Reuters. p. C1. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  13. Sorkin, Andrew Ross; Kapner, Suzanne (October 24, 2001). "F.T.C. Rejects Sale of Seagram To Diageo And Pernod". New York Times. p. C1. Retrieved March 10, 2022.
  14. "U.S. allows Nestlé-Dreyer's deal". San Francisco Business Times. June 25, 2003. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  15. "Haagen-Dazs scooped up". CNNMoney.com. December 26, 2001. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  16. Holloway, R.J., "Leaders in Marketing: Robert Keith," Journal of Marketing, Vol. 32, July 1968, pp 74-75
  17. Keith, R. J., "The Marketing Revolution," Journal of Marketing,, Vol. 24, No. 1; Jul 1959-Apr 1960, pp 35-38
  18. Hollander, S.C., Rassuli, K.M. Jones, G.D.B., and Dix, L.F., "Periodization in Marketing History," Journal of Macromarketing, Vol. 25 No. 1, June 2005, pp 32-41, DOI: 10.1177/0276146705274982pp 32-41"
  19. Brown, S., "Trinitarianism: The Eternal Angel and the Three Eras Schema," in Brown, S., Bell, J. and Carson, D., Marketing Apocalypse: Eschatology, Escapology and the Illusion of the End, London, Routledge, 1996, p. 27 reports on a study which examined 15 of the top selling marketing texts, found that the although the incidence of repeating Keith's eras was waning, it had not been replaced by Fullerton's periodization, nor any other more meaningful framework.
  20. Brown, S., "Trinitarianism: The Eternal Angel and the Three Eras Schema," in Brown, S., Bell, J. and Carson, D., Marketing Apocalypse: Eschatology, Escapology and the Illusion of the End, London, Routledge, 1996, pp 25-26
  21. Gilbert, D. and Bailey, N., "The Development of Marketing: A Compendium of Historical Approaches," Quarterly Review of Marketing, vol. 15, no. 2, 1990, pp 6-13 and reproduced in Marketing: Critical Perspectives on Business and Management, Vol. 2, Michael John Baker (ed), London, Routledge, 2001, pp 75-91
  22. Gilbert, D. and Bailey, N., "The Development of Marketing: A Compendium of Historical Approaches," (originally published in Quarterly Review of Marketing, vol. 15, no. 2, 1990, pp 6-13) and reproduced in Marketing: Critical Perspectives on Business and Management, Vol. 2, Michael John Baker (ed), London, Routledge, 2001, p. 81
  23. Gilbert, D. and Bailey, N., "The Development of Marketing: A Compendium of Historical Approaches," Quarterly Review of Marketing, vol. 15, no. 2, 1990, pp 6-13 and reproduced in Marketing: Critical Perspectives on Business and Management, Vol. 2, Michael John Baker (ed), London, Routledge, 2001, p. 82
  24. Gilbert, D. and Bailey, N., "The Development of Marketing: A Compendium of Historical Approaches," Quarterly Review of Marketing, vol. 15, no. 2, 1990, pp 6-13 and reproduced in Marketing: Critical Perspectives on Business and Management, Vol. 2, Michael John Baker (ed), London, Routledge, 2001, pp 6-13
  25. Brown, S., "Trinitarianism: The Eternal Angel and the Three Eras Schema," in Brown, S., Bell, J. and Carson, D., Marketing Apocalypse: Eschatology, Escapology and the Illusion of the End, London, Routledge, 1996, p. 26
  26. Jones, D.G.B. and Richardson, A.J., "The Myth of the Marketing Revolution" Journal of Macromarketing, March 1, 2007
  27. Fullerton, E.A., "How Modern Is Modern Marketing? Marketing's Evolution and the Myth of the 'Production Era' ", Journal of Marketing, Vol. 52, No. 1, 1988, pp. 108-125
  28. Jones, D.G.B. and Shaw, E.H., “A history of marketing thought”, in Weitz, B.A. and Wensley, R. (Eds), Handbook of Marketing, Sage, London, 2002, pp. 39-66; Shaw, E.H., “Reflections on the history of marketing thought”, Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, Vol. 1 No. 2, 2009, pp. 330-345.

References
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