The Sun (New York City)

The Sun's new office on Printing House Square in the 1860s

In New York, The Sun began publication on September 3, 1833, as a morning newspaper edited by Benjamin Day (1810–1889), with the slogan "It Shines for All".[7] It cost only one penny (equivalent to 30¢ in 2022[8]), was easy to carry, and had illustrations and crime reporting popular with working-class readers.[9] It inspired a new genre across the nation, known as the penny press, which made the news more accessible to low-income readers at a time when most papers cost five cents to purchase.[1] Starting in 1833, The Sun was the first newspaper to hire Newspaper hawkers on the street, developing the trade of newsboys shouting headlines.[10]

The offices of The Sun, 1893[11]

The Sun was the first newspaper to report crimes and personal events such as suicides, deaths, and divorces. The paper had a focus on police reports and human-interest stories for the masses, which consisted of short descriptions of arrests, thefts, and violence.[12][13] With their competitor the New York Herald, founded by James Gordon Bennett, they covered murder cases such as Helen Jewett's murder, John C. Colt's murder, involving Samuel Colt's brother, and Mary Rogers's case near Sybil's Cave.[14][15] The Sun and The Herald took side in the cases, championing working class people over the traditional landed and mercantile elites, which during this era, held most of the power over the nation.[16]

Benjamin Day's brother-in-law, Moses Yale Beach, joined the venture in 1834, became co-owner in 1835, and a few years later, became sole proprietor, bringing number of innovations to the industry.[17] It became the largest among the Gotham papers for 20 years, sometimes eclipsed by the New-York Tribune or New York Herald.[18][19] The newspaper printed the first newspaper account of a suicide. This story was significant because it was the first about an ordinary person. It changed journalism forever, making the newspaper an integral part of the community and the lives of the readers.

Prior to this, all stories in newspapers were about politics or reviews of books or the theater. Day was the first to hire reporters to go out and collect stories. Prior to this, newspapers relied on readers sending in items, and on making unauthorized copies of stories from other newspapers. (This was in the days before the organization of syndicates like the Associated Press (AP) and United Press International (UPI). The Sun's focus on crime was the beginning of "the craft of reporting and storytelling".[20][21] Crime news provided New Yorkers with informations about how the city worked, with violations of justice, abuse of state power and corruption schemes.[22]

The Sun was also the first newspaper to show that a newspaper could be substantially supported by advertisements rather than subscription fees, and could be sold on the street instead of delivered to each subscriber. Its primary audience was working people. Day and The Sun recognized that the masses were fast becoming literate, and demonstrated that a profit could be made selling to the larger numbers of them. Prior to The Sun, printers produced the newspapers, often at a loss, making their living selling printing services.[23]

The offices of The Sun were initially located on Printing House Square, now called Park Row, Manhattan, and was next to New York City Hall and New York City Police Department. They had a pigeon house built on the roof of their New York office at Nassau Street, receiving news from New York Harbor.[24] They also later used horses, steamships, trains, and the telegraph, and used services such as the "Pony Express" and the "Royal Mail Ships".

Later history

The clock of the Sun Building on Broadway, Manhattan, near Chambers Streets

Moses Yale Beach's sons, Alfred Ely Beach and Moses S. Beach, took over the paper following his retirement. He celebrated the event at his house on Chambers Street, along with the other editors of Gotham, with guests including Congressmen Horace Greeley and James Brooks, and Lincoln's Chairman Henry Jarvis Raymond.[25][26] In 1868, Moses S. Beach sold the newspaper to Charles A. Dana, the Assistant Secretary of War of Abraham Lincoln. In 1872, the New York Sun exposed the Crédit Mobilier Scandal, implicating number of corrupted Congressmen and acting Vice President Schuyler Colfax, in relation to a corruption scheme about the construction of the Union Pacific Railroad, and in 1881, exposed the Star Route Scandal, implicating number of high-profile politicians and businessmen in a scheme relating to the US Postal Service, resulting in number of trials.[27][28]

An evening edition, known as The Evening Sun, was introduced in 1887. The newspaper magnate Frank Munsey bought both editions of the paper in 1916 and merged The Evening Sun with his New York Press. The morning edition of The Sun was merged for a time with Munsey's New York Herald as The Sun and New York Herald, but in 1920, Munsey separated them again, killed The Evening Sun, and switched The Sun to an evening publishing format.[7]

From 1914 to 1919, they moved their offices to 150 Nassau Street, one of the first skyscrapers made of steel, and one of the tallest in the city at the time. The tower was close to the New York Times Building, Woolworth Tower, and New York City Hall. In 1919, The Sun moved its offices to the A.T. Stewart Company Building, site of America's first department store, at 280 Broadway between Reade and Chambers Streets.[29] 280 Broadway was renamed "The Sun Building" in 1928.[29][30]

A clock featuring The Sun's name and slogan was built at the corner with Broadway and Chambers Street.[31]

Munsey died in 1925 with a fortune of about 20 million dollars, and was ranked as one of the most powerful media moguls of his time, along with William Randolph Hearst of Hearst Castle.[32] He left the bulk of his estate, including The Sun, to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The next year The Sun was sold to William Dewart, a longtime associate of Munsey's. Dewart's son Thomas later ran the paper.[33] In the 1940s, the newspaper was considered among the most conservative in New York City, and was strongly opposed to the New Deal and labor unions. The Sun won a Pulitzer Prize in 1949 for an exposé of labor racketeering; it also published the early work of sportswriter W.C. Heinz.

It continued until January 4, 1950, when it merged with the New York World-Telegram to form a new paper called the New York World-Telegram and Sun for 16 years; in 1966, this paper joined with the New York Herald Tribune to briefly become part of the World Journal Tribune preserving the names of three of the most historic city newspapers, which folded amid disagreements with the labor union the following year.

Bat-like figure of the Great Moon Hoax, published by the Sun.

Newsboy showing a copy of the Great Moon Hoax of 1835

The Sun first gained notice for its central role in the Great Moon Hoax of 1835, a fabricated story of life and civilization on the Moon which the paper falsely attributed to British astronomer John Herschel and never retracted.[34] The hoax featured man-bats creatures named the "Vespertilio-homo" that inhabited the moon and built temples. A Yale University delegation was sent to look after the article, and the whole story created much sensation at the time.[35]

On April 13, 1844, The Sun published as factual a story by Edgar Allan Poe now known as "The Balloon-Hoax", retracted two days after publication. The story told of an imagined Atlantic crossing by hot-air balloon.[36]

Today, the paper is best known for the 1897 editorial "Is There a Santa Claus?" (commonly referred to as "Yes, Virginia, There Is a Santa Claus"), written by Francis Pharcellus Church.[37]

John B. Bogart, city editor of The Sun between 1873 and 1890, made what is perhaps the most frequently quoted definition of the journalistic endeavor: "When a dog bites a man, that is not news, because it happens so often. But if a man bites a dog, that is news."[38] (The quotation is frequently attributed to Charles Dana, The Sun editor and part-owner between 1868 and his death in 1897.)

In 1926, The Sun published a review by John Grierson of Robert Flaherty's film Moana, in which Grierson said the film had "documentary value". This is considered the origin of the term "documentary film".[39]

The newspaper's editorial cartoonist, Rube Goldberg, received the 1948 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning for his cartoon, "Peace Today". In 1949, The Sun won the Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting for a groundbreaking series of articles by Malcolm Johnson, "Crime on the Waterfront". The series served as the basis for the 1954 movie On the Waterfront.

The Sun's first female reporter was Emily Verdery Bettey, hired in 1868. Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd was hired as a reporter and fashion editor in the 1880s. Brainerd was one of the first women to become a professional editor, and perhaps the first full-time fashion editor in American newspaper history.

In 1881, the heroic legend of sheriff Bartholomew Masterson, known as "Bat Masterson", started from the coverage of a Sun reporter that he duped.[40] He was a companion of Buffalo Bill, and fought at the Battle of Dodge City War, and was later the subject of a book named "Gunfighter in Gotham", and the American TV series "Bat Masterson".[41]

• 
  Advertising poster.
  Louis Rhead, 1900
• 
  Louis Brandeis, political cartoon, January 31, 1916
• 
  Representative journals, competitor James Gordon Bennett, 1882
• 
  Charles A. Dana, from the American Editors series, 1887
• 
  New York Harbor, receiving news from Europe, Great Western, 1838[42]

Francis Pharcellus Church, author of the famous 1897 Sun editorial which, in answer to a letter from eight-year-old Virginia O'Hanlon, contains the line "Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus"

The film Deadline – U.S.A. (1952) is a story about the death of a New York newspaper called The Day, loosely based upon the old New York Sun, which closed in 1950. The original Sun newspaper was edited by Benjamin Day, making the film's newspaper name a play on words (not to be confused with the real-life New London, Connecticut, newspaper of the same name).

The masthead of the original Sun is visible in a montage of newspaper clippings in a scene of the 1972 film The Godfather. The newspaper's offices were a converted department store at 280 Broadway, between Chambers and Reade streets in lower Manhattan, now known as "The Sun Building" and famous for the clocks that bear the newspaper's masthead and motto. They were recognized as a New York City landmark in 1986. The building now houses the New York City Department of Buildings.

In the 1994 movie The Paper, a fictional tabloid newspaper based in New York City bore the same name and motto of The Sun, with a slightly different masthead.

In 2002, a new broadsheet was launched, styled The New York Sun, and bearing the old newspaper's masthead and motto. It was intended as a "conservative alternative" and local-news focused alternative to the more liberal/progressive The New York Times and other New York newspapers. It was published by Ronald Weintraub and edited by Seth Lipsky, and ceased publication on September 30, 2008. In 2022, it was revived as an online newspaper, under the ownership of Dovid Efune, while Lipsky remained editor.[43]

The history of the New York Sun is also extensively covered in the Pulitzer Prize book "Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898".[44] Past reporters of the paper have included NYC Police Commissioner, Col. Arthur H. Woods, and NYC Fire Commissioner, Robert Adamson.[45]

Subscription slip, The New York Sun, ca. 1845, featuring their offices on the left

• Moses Yale Beach, an early owner of The Sun
• Charles Anderson Dana, editor and part-owner of the Sun
• John A. Arneaux, reporter in 1884
• Paul Dana, editor, 1880–1897
• W. C. Heinz, war correspondent, sportswriter 1937–1950
• Bruno Lessing, reporter, 1888–1894
• Chester Sanders Lord, journalist and managing editor,[46] 1873-1913
• Kenneth M. Swezey, radio/technology reporter, 1930s
• John Swinton, chief editorialist, 1875–1883 and 1892–1897

• 
  The Sun offices between 1914 and 1919 at 150 Nassau Street
• 
  The 'Sun Building' at 280 Broadway, from 1919 to 1950
• 
  View of The Sun Building name on Broadway
• 
  Newspaper Row, New York City, 1900

• List of defunct American periodicals

• Lancaster, Paul. Gentleman of the Press: The Life and Times of an Early Reporter, Julian Ralph of the Sun. Syracuse University Press; 1992.
• O'Brien, Frank Michael. The Story of The Sun: New York, 1833–1918 (1918) (page images and OCR)
• Steele, Janet E. The Sun Shines for All: Journalism and Ideology in the Life of Charles A. Dana (Syracuse University Press, 1993)
• Stone, Candace. Dana and the Sun (Dodd, Mead, 1938)
• Tucher, Andie, Froth and Scum: Truth, Beauty, Goodness, and the Ax Murder in America's First Mass Medium'. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Sun (New York City).

• The Sun digitized at Chronicling America, Library of Congress (1859 to 1916, incomplete)