The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays
The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays (Arabic: كِتَاب سُلَيْم بن قَيْس, romanized: Kitāb Sulaym ibn Qays) is the oldest known Shia hadith collection. It was attributed to Sulaym ibn Qays al-Hilali (died 678), who purportedly entrusted it to Aban ibn Abi Ayyash.[1]
| Author | Unknown (falsely attributed to Sulaym ibn Qays) |
|---|---|
| Language | Arabic |
| Subject | Hadith |
| Genre | Hadith collection |
Publication date | partly 8th century, with many later additions |
Scholars consider the attribution of this work to Sulaym ibn Qays, who himself may have been a legendary figure, to be false.[2] The earliest known reference to the book was in the Kitāb al-Ghayba by Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Nu'mani (tenth century).[3]
The precise dating of the work is not clear. Hossein Modarressi dates the original core of this work to the final years of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik's reign (r. 723–743), which would make it one of the oldest Islamic books that are still extant.[4] However, it contains many later additions and alterations of unknown date, which may render it impossible to reconstruct the original text.[5] Two individual passages which have been the subject of a case study have been dated to c. 762-780 and to the late 8th/early 9th century, respectively.[6]
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Views of medieval scholars
Sources indicate that the book was well known, but not always held in high esteem. Ibn al-Nadim (d. 995) said that the book was among the well-known Shia books,[7] and Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi mentioned the book and the author in his book, Al-Ghaibah.
However, the scholars Ahmad ibn Ubayda (d. 941) and Abu Abd Allah al-Ghadhanfari (d. 1020) considered the book to be unreliable on the basis of three factors: a segment in the book indicates there were thirteen Imams instead of the traditionally held twelve; another segment states that Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr rebuked his dying father Abu Bakr despite Muhammad being a three-year-old child; and the book was purportedly transmitted by Aban ibn Abi Ayyash at a time when the latter was only fourteen years old.[8]
Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid (d. 1022) noted: "This book (Kitab Sulaym) is not reliable, and it is not permissible to act upon most of it, and confusion and tadlees has occurred in it, so the pious should not act upon everything that is in it (at all), and not rely on what is written in it or imitate its narrations."[9]
Dating
Currently, several variant manuscripts of this book exist, and it has been suggested that content was added to it and altered in it over time.[10]
An analysis of a tafsir-related passage suggests that this passage dates to the early 9th century, or perhaps the late 8th century CE.[11]
References
- Modaressi 2003, p. 85.
- According to Djebli 1960–2007, "the very existence of this man, and of his work, should be regarded with caution". Modaressi 2003, pp. 82–83 calls it "obvious that such a person never existed and that the name is only a pen name". Other scholars, such as Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi, have been more cautious in rejecting Sulaym ibn Qays' historicity, but do agree that the attribution of the work to him is false (see Gleave 2015, pp. 85–86).
- Khetia (2013, p. 61–62).
- Modaressi 2003, p. 83.
- Gleave 2015, p. 86, citing Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi.
- Gleave 2015, pp. 86, 102.
- Al-Fihrist, p. 275 in chapter titled, "Al-Fan Al-Khamis Min Al-Maqalaht Al-Saadesah".
- Djebli 1960–2007.
- Tasheeh al-I'tiqaadaat al Imamiyyah,. p. 149.
- "Ths Shi'i Imams, Wilayah and aspects of Imamology". Archived from the original on 2012-02-08. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
- Gleave 2015, p. 99: "The content of the first section of the tenth report appears, then, as a rather audacious attempt to attribute to ʿAlī knowledge and mastery of exegetical techniques and a level of hermeneutic sophistication which came into existence in the late eighth/early ninth century."
Works cited
- Djebli, Moktar (1960–2007). "Sulaym b. Ḳays". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7152.
- Gleave, Robert M. (2015). "Early Shiite hermeneutics and the dating of Kitāb Sulaym ibn Qays". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 78 (1): 83–103. doi:10.1017/S0041977X15000038.
- Modaressi, Hossein (2003). Tradition and Survival: A Bibliographical Survey of Early Shīʿite Literature. Oxford: Oneworld. ISBN 1-85168-331-3.
- Khetia, Vinay (2013). Fatima as a motif of contention and suffering in Islamic sources (Thesis). Concordia University.
External links
- English Translation of Kitab al-Sulaym ibn Qays
- Rovshan Abdullaoglu. "İlk Kitab (II nəşr)" (in Azerbaijani). qedimqala.az. Archived from the original on 2015-08-19. Retrieved 2015-08-09.