Theoleptos of Philadelphia

Theoleptos was born in Nicaea ca. 1250. He married but left his wife in 1275 to become a monk. He spent time in the monastic community of Mount Athos, where he became impregnated with the mystical traditions of Orthodox monasticism, so that the 14th-century bishop and theologian Gregory Palamas regarded him as a forerunner of his own mystical doctrine of Hesychasm.[1][2] Theoleptos was a strong opponent of the union of the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches which was agreed at the Council of Lyons in 1274, and was imprisoned by the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos (r. 1259–82). After the death of Michael VIII, however, his successor Andronikos II Palaiologos (r. 1282–1328) reversed course; Theoleptos was released and became metropolitan bishop of Philadelphia (present-day Alaşehir in Turkey) in 1283 or 1284.[1]

Theoleptos remained in his see for forty years until his death, and played a decisive role in the affairs of the city during this period, most notably leading the city's successful defence against a Turkish attack in 1310.[1] Theoleptos opposed the reconciliation of the official Church with the Arsenite faction in 1310, resulting in a schism between himself and the Patriarchate of Constantinople that lasted until ca. 1319.[1] Theoleptos maintained close ties with the influential Choumnos family: the statesman and scholar Nikephoros Choumnos composed an eulogy on Theoleptos' death, while the metropolitan served as spiritual advisor to Nikephoros' daughter, Irene Choumnaina, the founder and abbotess of the Monastery of Christ Philanthropos in Constantinople. It is through his correspondence with her that his theological views are best known.[1][2]

Some of Theoleptos' writings are found in the Philokalia,[2] but most of his writings remain unpublished.[1] The writings of Theoleptos are a great contribution for the modern understanding of Byzantine mysticism and theology just prior to the Hesychast controversy.[3]

• Palmer, G.E.H.; Sherrard, Philip; Ware, Kallistos, eds. (1995). The Philokalia: The Complete Text, Volume 4; Compiled by St. Nikodimos of the Holy Mountain & St. Markarios of Corinth. Faber and Faber. ISBN 9780571193820.
• Talbot, Alice-Mary (1991). "Theoleptos". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 2056–2057. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.

• Ahrweiler, Hélène (1983). "La région de Philadelphie, au XIVe siècle (1290-1390), dernier bastion de l'hellénisme en Asie Mineure". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (in French). 127: 175–197.
• Congourdeau, Marie-Hélène (1991). Dictionnaire de spiritualité (in French). Vol. 15. cols. 446–459. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
• Congourdeau, Marie-Hélène, ed. (2001). Théolepte de Philadelphie. Lettres et Discours monastiques (in French). Paris: Migne.
• Constantelos, Demetrios J. (1979). "Mysticism and Social Involvement in the Later Byzantine Church: Theoleptos of Philadelphia – a Case Study". Byzantine Studies/Études Byzantines. VI: 83–94.
• Rigo, Antonio (1987). "Nota sulla dottrina ascetico-spirituale di Teolepto metropolita di Filadelfia (1250/51–1322)". Rivista di Studi Bizantini e Neoellenici (in Italian). 24: 165–200.
• Sinkewicz, Robert E., ed. (1992). Theoleptos of Philadelphia: The Monastic Discourses. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies. ISBN 0-88844-111-8.