Thomas Mancuso

Thomas F. Mancuso MD, MPH, (February 19, 1912 – July 4, 2004) was an American epidemiologist and professor of occupational health at the University of Pittsburgh's School of Public Health between 1962 and 1982, known for conducting long-term studies of the cancer-causing effects of low-level radiation and several chemicals used in industry, including asbestos. He is credited for being the first to understand that beryllium and chromium could cause cancer.

Thomas Mancuso
Born(1912-02-19)February 19, 1912
New York City, US
DiedJuly 4, 2004(2004-07-04) (aged 92)
Oakland, California, US
OccupationProfessor of occupational medicine
Known forLong-term studies of effects of cancer-causing effects of several chemicals and low level radiation in industry
Academic background
EducationCreighton University
InfluencesWilhelm Hueper
Academic work
DisciplineIndustrial medicine
Institutions

During World War II, Mancuso co-founded organizations in public health, at health departments of Michigan and Oregon. After the war he headed the Department of Industrial Hygiene at the Ohio Department of Health. There, he produced the first American long-term mortality studies and showed how social security data could be used to understand deaths among factory workers.

Early life and education

Thomas Francis Mancuso was born in Kings County Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, on February 19, 1912.[1][2] He attended Creighton University in Omaha, from where he received his bachelor's degree followed by his medical degree from its medical school in 1937.[3]

Early career

World War II

During World War II, Mancuso co-founded organizations in public health.[3] From 1942 to 1943, he was physician of industrial hygiene for the Michigan State Department of Health.[4] He subsequently directed the Division of Industrial Medicine at the Oregon State Board of Health, and served it until 1945.[4]

Ohio Department of Health

Between 1945 and 1962, Mancuso headed the Department of Industrial Hygiene at the Ohio Department of Health.[3] There he was influenced by National Cancer Institute's Wilhelm Hueper, and produced the first American long-term mortality studies on occupational groups, using social security data.[5][6] During his time at Ohio, he showed cancer-causing effects of several chemicals including aromatic amines, cadmium, hydrogen sulphide, manganese, and mercury.[6]

One of his 1950s contracts, with the Philip Carey Manufacturing Company, was to study the occupational risk of asbestos.[6][7] After reporting that asbestos was harmful to both employees and customers, his contract was terminated.[7] As a result of his work, warning labels were added to asbestos insulation.[8]

Career at the University of Pittsburgh

In 1962 Mancuso joined the University of Pittsburgh's School of Public Health as research professor of occupational health, and remained there until his retirement in 1982.[3][4]

Hanford

In 1964, the Division of Biology and medicine of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) asked Mancuso of the possibility of long-term effects of low levels of ionising radiation.[6] The following year they granted him a five-year contract to investigate the effects of low-level radiation on half a million workers employed in a nuclear weapons plant.[6][8] This he felt could only be done by long-term follow-up; by looking at old records and following the group of people through to death to find out what they died from.[6][8] When in 1974 the AEC asked Mancuso to dispute findings that low-level radiation did not cause cancer, Mancuso refused, and his contract was later terminated.[6][9][10] He took to independent research with epidemiologist Alice Stewart and mathematician George Kneale.[6][11] In 1977 they revealed that Hanford Nuclear Weapons Plant employees were "dying of cancer from cumulative radiation exposures far below the standards established as safe".[8][12][13] In response, in 2000 the US Government agreed to offer compensation to those affected.[8][3]

Beryllium

In 1970, Mancuso published his study that concluded that beryllium-associated pneumonitis and bronchitis was related to subsequent development of lung cancer.[14][15] This is generally considered the first recognition of a link between beryllium and cancer.[3] Ten years later, he confirmed his findings in a follow-up study.[14]

Viscose

In a 1972 paper, Mancuso had traced employment records from 1938 at the Industrial Rayon Corporation, to study neuropsychiatric effects of carbon disulfide, used in producing viscose.[16] He found a likely under-reporting of deaths by suicide, including one where the wife was murdered prior to suicide.[16] Later, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health hired him to expand on the study to include the deaths from heart disease.[16] The result was a long paper titled "Epidemiological study of workers employed in the viscose rayon industry".[16] In it he demonstrated the risk from coronary heart disease among those employed in the rayon industry increased by 40% in those employed for more than ten years.[16]

International Association of Machinists

In 1974 Mancuso was a consultant for the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, and gave its members advice on how to keep themselves safe from occupational hazards.[3] This he did via questions and answers in the organization's newsletter, the Machinist.[16] In 1976 he collated the previous two years of advice and published them in a book titled Help for the working wounded.[16][17]

Later life

Mancuso continued to investigate occupational hazards after his retirement.[3] He is credited as the first to understand a link between chromium and cancer.[3] His 1997 paper based on the follow-up of 332 chromate production workers hired at the same industrial plant from 1931 to 1993, concluded that all types of chromium were carcinogenic.[18]

Honors and awards

In 1961 the National Cancer Institute awarded Mancuso a career award.[5]

Death

Mancuso died from oesophageal cancer on July 4, 2004, in Oakland, California.[8] He was survived by his wife Rafaella, two daughters and one son.[3]

Selected publications

Books
  • Mancuso, Thomas F. (1976). Help for the working wounded. [Washington : International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers].

Articles

References
  1. U.S., World War II Draft Cards Young Men. St. Louis: National Archives at St. Louis. 1940–1947.
  2. Michaels, David (January 2005). "In Memoriam: Thomas F. Mancuso, MD, MPH 1912-2004". American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 47 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1002/ajim.20117. ISSN 0271-3586. Archived from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  3. McLellan, Dennis (July 11, 2004). "Thomas F. Mancuso, 92; Studied Effects of Workplace Hazards". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 2, 2023.
  4. Mancuso, Thomas F. (1976). Help for the working wounded. [Washington : International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers]. p. Back cover.
  5. Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program. U.S. Government Printing Office. 2007. pp. 105–118. ISBN 978-0-16-078295-4. Archived from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  6. Alvarez, Robert (2017). "9. The risks of making nuclear weapons". In Quigley, Dianne; Lowman, Amy; Wing, Steve (eds.). Tortured Science: Health Studies, Ethics and Nuclear Weapons in the United States. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 206–2010. ISBN 978-0-89503-395-6. Archived from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  7. Practice, United States Congress Senate Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Courts and Administrative (1990). Government Observation of Safety and Health Standards: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Courts and Administrative Practice of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, Second Session, on S. 464 ... February 20, 1990. U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved September 4, 2023.
  8. Tannen, Terrell (July 2004). "Thomas F Mancuso". The Lancet. 364 (9432): 410. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16749-4. PMID 15290841. S2CID 34336729.
  9. Wald, Matthew L. (July 7, 2004). "T.F. Mancuso, who led radiation study, dies at 92". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  10. Sterling, Theodor D. (1980). "The Health Effects of Low-Dose Radiation on Atomic Workers: A Case Study of Employer-Directed Research". International Journal of Health Services. 10 (1): 37–46. doi:10.2190/TEDB-E2YU-5CQQ-01NR. ISSN 0020-7314. JSTOR 45130008. PMID 7353934. S2CID 40060178. Archived from the original on September 2, 2023.
  11. Ness, A R.; Reynolds, L A; Tansey, E M., eds. (2002). Population-based research in South Wales : The MRC Pneumoconiosis Research Unit and the MRC Epidemiology Unit (PDF). London: Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL. p. 136. ISBN 978-085484-081-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 9, 2022. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  12. Hacker, Barton C. (1994). "Epilogue: after the AEC 1975-1990". Elements of Controversy: The Atomic Energy Commission and Radiation Safety in Nuclear Weapons Testing, 1947-1974. University of California Press. pp. 259–280. ISBN 0-520-08323-7. Archived from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  13. Walker, J. Samuel (2000). "4. New controversies, new standards". Permissible Dose: A History of Radiation Protection in the Twentieth Century. University of California Press. pp. 91–128. ISBN 0-520-22328-4. Archived from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  14. KE, Qingdong; Costa, Max; Kazantzis, George (2007). "10. 1. Carcinogenicity of metal compounds: principal metals showing carcinogenic effects. Berllyium". In Nordberg, Monica; Nordberg, Gunnar F.; Fowler, Bruce A.; Friberg, Lars (eds.). Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals (3rd ed.). Burlington: Elsevier. pp. 188–189. ISBN 978-0-12-369413-3. Archived from the original on September 6, 2023. Retrieved September 6, 2023.
  15. Michaels, David (2008). "11. Defending the taxicab standard". Doubt is Their Product: How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health. Oxford University Press. pp. 124–141. ISBN 978-0-19-530067-3. Archived from the original on September 5, 2023. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
  16. Blanc, Paul David (2016). "6. The heart of the matter". Fake Silk: The Lethal History of Viscose Rayon. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 185–186. ISBN 978-0-300-20466-7. Archived from the original on September 6, 2023. Retrieved September 6, 2023.
  17. Taylor, Michael (July 9, 2004). "Dr. Thomas Mancuso, longtime advocate for workers' health". SFGate. Archived from the original on September 3, 2023. Retrieved September 2, 2023.
  18. Santonen, Tiina (2009). "11. Effects evaluation". Inorganic Chromium(III) Compounds. World Health Organization. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-92-4-153076-7. Archived from the original on September 6, 2023. Retrieved September 6, 2023.
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