Tiburcio Carías Andino

Carías became a general during the Second Civil War in 1924. In the 1923 elections, Carías was a candidate for the National Party[2] against the divided Liberals, but only won a plurality of the vote.[3] The resulting deadlock was followed by disturbances, and elections the following year saw Miguel Paz Barahona of the National Party elected, although Carías was able to exercise a degree of influence during Barahona's presidency. In 1928, Carías was the National Party's candidate but lost to Vicente Mejía Colindres of the Liberal Party. He accepted the result, as the election had been comparatively free and fair, marking a then-rare peaceful transfer of power between the two major parties. He was the President of National Congress of Honduras from 1926 to 1929, and from 1930 to 1931.[4]

On 1 February 1933 he became President of Honduras again, this time for 16 years. Despite growing unrest and severe economic strains, the 1932 Honduran presidential elections were relatively peaceful and fair.[5] The peaceful transition of power was surprising because the onset of the Great Depression had led to the overthrow of governments elsewhere throughout Latin America, in nations with much stronger democratic traditions than those of Honduras.[5] Vicente Mejía, however, resisted pressure from his own party to manipulate the results to favor the Liberal party candidate, José Ángel Zúñiga Huete.[5] As a result, the National Party candidate, Carías, won the election by a margin of some 20,000 votes.[5] On 16 November 1932, Carías assumed office, beginning what was to be the longest period of continuous rule by an individual in Honduran history.[5]

Lacking, however, was any immediate indication that the Carías administration was destined to survive any longer than most of its predecessors.[5] Shortly before Carías's inauguration, dissident Liberals, despite the opposition of Vicente Mejía, had risen in revolt.[5] Carías had taken command of the government forces, obtained arms from El Salvador, and crushed the uprising in short order.[5] Most of Carías's first term in office was devoted to efforts to avoid financial collapse, improve the military, engage in a limited program of road building, and lay the foundations for prolonging his own hold on power.[5]

The economic situation remained extremely bad throughout the 1930s.[5] In addition to the dramatic drop in banana exports caused by the Great Depression, the fruit industry was further threatened by the outbreak in 1935 of epidemics of Panama disease and Black sigatoka in the banana-producing areas.[5] Within a year, most of the country's production was threatened.[5] Large areas, including most of those around Trujillo were abandoned, and thousands of Hondurans were thrown out of work.[5] By 1937 a means of controlling the disease had been found, but many of the affected areas remained out of production because a significant share of the market formerly held by Honduras had shifted to other nations.[5]

Carías had made efforts to improve the military even before he became president.[5] Once in office, both his capacity and his motivation to continue and to expand such improvements increased.[5] He gave special attention to the fledgling air force, founding the Military Aviation School in 1934 and arranging for a United States colonel to serve as its commandant.[5]

As months passed, Carías moved slowly but steadily to strengthen his hold on power. He gained the support of the banana companies through opposition to strikes and other labor disturbances.[5] He strengthened his position with domestic and foreign financial circles through conservative economic policies.[5] Even in the height of the depression, he continued to make regular payments on the Honduran debt, adhering strictly to the terms of the arrangement with the British bondholders and also satisfying other creditors.[5] Two small loans were paid off completely in 1935.[5]

Despite the fact that the general maintained diplomatic relations with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and the Empire of Japan, he had to declare war on the Axis after the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. Thus, Honduras was known as one of the Latin American countries allied to the United States of America. In 1941 after the Japanese attack on the US bases stationed in Pearl Harbor, the northern country declared war on the "German-Japanese Axis", as would its Honduran friend, who also contributed soldiers and marines to the ranks, also the Force. Honduran Air patrolled the coasts of the Caribbean Sea near Mexico in search of German submarines; Apart from this, the Doctor and General Carías Andino "did not tremble" to expel the German consul Christian Zinsser from Honduras, considering him "the fifth column in Central America and with ties to the Gestapo." The value of the ties between the Carías government and nearby dictatorial regimes became somewhat questionable in 1944 when popular revolts in Guatemala and El Salvador deposed Ubico and Hernández.[5] For a time, it seemed as if revolutionary contagion might spread to Honduras as well.[5] A plot, involving some military officers as well as opposition civilians, had already been discovered and crushed in late 1943.[5] In May 1944, a group of women began demonstrating outside of the Presidential Palace in Tegucigalpa, demanding the release of political prisoners.[5] Despite strong government measures, tension continued to grow and Carías was ultimately forced to release some prisoners.[5] This gesture failed to satisfy the opposition and anti-government demonstrations continued to spread.[5] In July several demonstrators were killed by troops in San Pedro Sula.[5] In October a group of exiles invaded Honduras from El Salvador but were unsuccessful in their efforts to topple the government.[5] The military remained loyal and Carías continued in office.[5]

Eager to curb further disorders in the region, the United States began to urge Carías to step aside and allow free elections when his current term in office expired.[5] Carías, who by then was in his early seventies, ultimately yielded to these pressures and announced October 1948 elections, in which he would refrain from being a candidate.[5] He continued, however, to find ways to use his power.[5] The National Party nominated Carías's choice for president, Juan Manuel Gálvez, who had been minister of war since 1933.[5] Exiled opposition figures were allowed to return to Honduras, and the Liberals, trying to overcome years of inactivity and division, nominated Ángel Zúñiga, the same individual whom Carías had defeated in 1932.[5] The Liberals rapidly became convinced that they had no chance to win and, charging the government with manipulation of the electoral process, boycotted the elections.[5] This act gave Gálvez a virtually unopposed victory, and in January 1949 he assumed the presidency.[5]

In 1954, the incumbent President Gálvez had intended to step aside and allow a free and fair contest. Carías intended to return to the presidency, but his candidacy caused a split in the ruling National Party. The Liberal candidate Ramón Villeda Morales won a plurality, but short of a majority (a result echoing the elections of 1902 and 1923), resulting in a deadlock. Vice President Julio Lozano Díaz seized power in a coup, abruptly ending three decades of stable government in Honduras, of which Carías had been president for 16 of those years.

Corpses from the 1944 massacre.

The dictatorship of General Carias Andino, like other regimes in Latin America, was not exempt from having several human rights violations in its history. El Cariato was characterized mainly by heavy censorship in the media as the government supervised the press and radio and brutality against unarmed civilians by the armed forces. One of the ethnic groups most affected by the policies imposed during this period was the Garífuna community, being constantly silenced and attacked by the military forces. The Tela massacre that occurred in 1937 against the Garífuna population, ordered by Carías himself, stands out. Another highly remembered crime was the so-called "San Pedro Sula massacre" that occurred on 6 July 1944, after the military forces repressed unarmed citizens of San Pedro with acts of brutality who had started a protest in the streets of the city demanding their resignation. More than 70 deaths were registered and a still unknown number of hundreds of wounded by military repression, among them the elderly and women.[9]

Another aspect was the torture at the hands of the military in the different prisons to prisoners, most of whom were political opponents, who became saturated with prisoners at one point during his mandate. Many of the workers in the plantations and mines lived in subhuman conditions with little electricity, water or enough food and their work was a condition of near slavery and more than plantation centers and miners they were more similar to concentration camps or forced labor. as some prisoners were also sent to these areas to work as an alternative option instead of staying in penal centers.[10] Also, much of the country's infrastructure was built with the labor of prisoners, mostly political and civil opponents.

Evaluating the Carías presidency is a difficult task.[5] His tenure in office provided the nation with a badly needed period of relative peace and order.[5] The country's fiscal situation improved steadily, education improved slightly, the road network expanded, and the armed forces were modernized.[5] At the same time, nascent democratic institutions withered, opposition and labor activities were suppressed and national interests at times were sacrificed to benefit supporters and relatives of Carías or major foreign interests.[5]

• History of Honduras