Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)

Xia (Chinese: ; pinyin: Xià), known in historiography as Hu Xia (胡夏), Northern Xia (北夏), Helian Xia (赫連夏) or the Great Xia (大夏), was a dynastic state of Xiongnu origin established by Helian Bobo during the Sixteen Kingdoms period in northern China. Prior to establishing the Xia, the imperial clan existed as a tribal entity known as the Tiefu (simplified Chinese: 铁弗; traditional Chinese: 鐵弗; pinyin: Tiěfú).[5]

Xia
407–431
Helian Xia in 423
Helian Xia in 423
CapitalTongwan (418–427)
Shanggui (427–428)
Pingliang (428–430)
GovernmentMonarchy
Emperor 
 407–425
Helian Bobo
 425–428
Helian Chang
 428–431
Helian Ding
History 
 Established
407
 Helian Bobo's claim of imperial title
418
 Fall of Tongwan
11 July 427[1][2]
 Disestablished
431
 Helian Ding's death
13 May 432[3][4]
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Later Qin
Western Qin
Northern Wei
Tuyuhun
Liu Song dynasty
Today part ofChina

Although the Xia only lasted from 407 to 431, its capital Tongwan situated in the Ordos Desert was a heavily fortified and state-of-the-art city that served as a frontier garrison until the Song dynasty. Its ruins were discovered during the Qing dynasty and can still be seen in present-day Inner Mongolia.

The Book of Wei also records that Liu Kuren's tribe, the Dugu, were descended from the Xiongnu. Yao Weiyuan (姚薇元) suggested in the past that 'Dugu' was an alternate form of 'Tuge' (屠各), the Xiongnu aristocratic clan that had adopted the Han Chinese surname of Liu (劉), members of which also ruled the Former Zhao state. This writer further suggests that 'Tuge' is an alternate form of 'Tuhe' (徒河), which is the branch of the Xianbei from which the Murong (慕容) were descended. The Liu (Dugu) were also known as 'Tiefu' (鐵弗), a term which meant that they had Xiongnu fathers and Xianbei mothers. Thus it is reasonable to say that the Dugu were at least half Xianbei.

All rulers of the Xia declared themselves "emperors".

Chieftains of the Tiefu and rulers of the Xia

Temple namePosthumous namesPersonal nameDurations of reignEra names
Tiefu Tribe (309–407)
Liu Hu 劉虎309–341
Liu Wuheng 劉務恆341–356
Liu Eloutou 劉閼陋頭356–358
Liu Xiwuqi 劉悉勿祈358–359
Liu Weichen 劉衞辰359–391
Liu Bobo391–407
Xia (407–431)
ShizuWulieHelian Bobo
(same person as Liu Bobo)
407–425Longsheng (龍升) 407–413
Fengxiang (鳳翔) 413–418
Changwu (昌武) 418–419
Zhenxing (眞興) 419–425
Helian Chang425–428Chengguang (承光) 425–428
Helian Ding428–431Shengguang (勝光) 428–431

Rulers family tree

Xia
Qubei
去卑
d. ?; r. 216–?
Liu Meng 刘猛
d. 272
Liu
Gaoshengyuan

劉誥升爰 d. 309;
r. ?–309
Liu Fulun
劉副崙
Liu Hu
劉虎 d. 341;
r. 309–341
Liu Wuheng
劉務恒
d. 356;
r. 341–356
Liu Eloutou
劉閼陋頭
r. 356–358
Liu Xiwuqi
劉悉勿祈
r. 358–359
Liu Weichen
劉衛辰
d. 391;
r. 359–391
You Dedai
右地代
Li Qiti
力俟提
Ali Luoyin
阿利罗引
Zhi Lidi
直力鞮
Wei Fa
韦伐
Helian Bobo 赫連勃勃
b. 381– d. 425

Wulie 武烈

r. 407–425
Ruo Men
若门
Chi Yijian
叱以鞬
Yi Dou
乙斗
Wen Chen
文陈
Luo Tí
罗提
Helian
Zhuxing
赫連助興
Helian
Weiyidai
赫連謂以代
Helian
Duluogu
赫連度洛孤
Helian
Shegan
赫連社干
Helian
Wushiba
赫連烏視拔
Helian
Tugu
赫連禿骨
Helian
An
赫連安
Suruo
Dougen
宿若豆根
Yi Sheng
乙升
Helian
Gui
赫連璝
d. 424
Helian
Yan
赫連延
Helian Chang
赫連昌
d. 434; r. 425–428
Helian Lun
赫连伦 d. 424
Helian Ding
赫連定
d. 432; r. 428–431
Helian
Man
赫連滿
Empress Helian
d. 453

Empress Taiwu
太武皇后 (432–452)
Su Dagan
宿沓干
daughter
wife of
Luo Ti
罗提
Helian
Douwuyu
赫连豆勿于
Su Shí
宿石
Su Ni
宿倪
Helian
Ziyue
赫连子悦
Helian
Zhungzhang
赫连仲章

See also

References

  1. "中央研究院網站".
  2. Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 120.
  3. "中央研究院網站".
  4. Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 122.
  5. Grousset, Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. pp. 61. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.
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