Time-based currency

Truck system of payment by order of Robert Owen and Benj Woolfield, National Equitable Labour Exchange, July 22nd 1833.

Time-based currency exchanges date back to the early 19th century.

The Cincinnati Time Store (1827-1830) was the first in a series of retail stores created by American individualist anarchist Josiah Warren to test his economic labor theory of value.[1] The experimental store operated from May 18, 1827, until May 1830.[2] The Cincinnati Time Store experiment in use of labor as a medium of exchange antedated similar European efforts by two decades.[3]

The National Equitable Labour Exchange was founded by Robert Owen, a Welsh socialist and labor reformer in London, England, in 1832.[4] It was established in Birmingham, England, before folding in 1834. It issued "Labour Notes" similar to banknotes, denominated in units of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 hours. John Gray, a socialist economist, worked with Owen and later with Ricardian Socialists and postulated a National Chamber of Commerce as a central bank issuing a labour currency.[5]

In 1848, the socialist and first self-designated anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon postulated a system of time chits.

Josiah Warren published a book describing labor notes in 1852.[6]

In 1875, Karl Marx wrote of "Labor Certificates" (Arbeitszertifikaten) in his Critique of the Gotha Program of a "certificate from society that [the labourer] has furnished such and such an amount of labour", which can be used to draw "from the social stock of means of consumption as much as costs the same amount of labour."[7]

After criticizing the incoherency of capitalist, Leninist, and Trotskyist justifications of wage differentials in his 1949 Socialisme ou Barbarie text translated as “The Relations of Production in Russia” in the first volume of his Political and Social Writings http://libcom.org/files/cc_psw_v1.pdf, the political activist and philosopher Cornelius Castoriadis, responding to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, advocated that workers “proclaim the abolition of work norms and instaurate full equality of wages and salaries” in his 1957 Socialisme ou Barbarie text translated as "On the Content of Socialism, II" in the second volume of his Political and Social Writings http://libcom.org/files/cc_psw_v2.pdf. (See also “The Hour of Work” section from “On the Content of Socialism, III,” in the third volume: http://libcom.org/files/cc_psw_v3.pdf.) He elaborated further on this advocacy of an “absolute equality of wages and incomes” in his 1974 text, "Hierarchy of Salaries and Incomes," also in the third volume: http://libcom.org/files/cc_psw_v3.pdf, and in the “Today” section (starting on page 90) of “Done and To Be Done” (1989), in the fifth volume of Castoriadis’s Crossroads in the Labyrinth series: http://www.notbored.org/cornelius-castoriadis-crossroads-5-done-and-to-be-done.pdf

Edgar S. Cahn coined the term "Time Dollars" in Time Dollars: The New Currency That Enables Americans to Turn Their Hidden Resource-Time-Into Personal Security & Community Renewal, a book co-authored with Jonathan Rowe in 1992.[8] He also went on to trademark the terms "TimeBank" and "Time Credit".[9][10]

Timebanking is a community development tool and works by facilitating the exchange of skills and experience within a community. It aims to build the 'core economy' of family and community by valuing and rewarding the work done in it. The world's first timebank was started in Japan by Teruko Mizushima in 1973[11] with the idea that participants could earn time credits which they could spend any time during their lives. She based her bank on the simple concept that each hour of time given as services to others could earn reciprocal hours of services for the giver at some stage in the future, particularly in old age when they might need it most. In the 1940s, Mizushima had already foreseen the emerging problems of an ageing society such as seen today. In the 1990s the movement took off in the US, with Dr Edgar Cahn pioneering it there, and in the United Kingdom, with Martin Simon from Timebanking UK and David Boyle, who brought in the London-based New Economics Foundation (Nef).

Paul Glover created Ithaca Hours in 1991. Each HOUR was valued at one hour of basic labor or $10.00. Professionals were entitled to charge multiple HOURS per hour, but often reduced their rate in the spirit of equity. Millions of dollars' worth of HOURS were traded among thousands of residents and 500 businesses. Interest-free HOUR loans were made, and HOUR grants given to over 100 community organizations.[12]

The first British time bank opened in 1998 in Stroud, and a national charity and membership organisation, Timebanking UK, started in 2002.[13]

According to Edgar S. Cahn, timebanking had its roots in a time when "money for social programs [had] dried up"[14] and no dominant approach to social service in the U.S. was coming up with creative ways to solve the problem. He would later write that "Americans face at least three interlocking sets of problems: growing inequality in access by those at the bottom to the most basic goods and services; increasing social problems stemming from the need to rebuild family, neighborhood and community; and a growing disillusion with public programs designed to address these problems"[15] and that "the crisis in support for efforts to address social problems stems directly from the failure of ... piecemeal efforts to rebuild genuine community."[16] In particular Cahn focused on the top-down attitude prevalent in social services. He believed that one of the major failings of many social service organizations was their unwillingness to enroll the help of those people they were trying to help.[17] He called this a deficit based approach to social service, where organizations view the people they were trying to help only in terms of their needs, as opposed to an asset based approach, which focuses on the contributions towards their communities that everyone can make.[18] He theorized that a system like timebanking could "[rebuild] the infrastructure of trust and caring that can strengthen families and communities."[16] He hoped that the system "would enable individuals and communities to become more self-sufficient, to insulate themselves from the vagaries of politics and to tap the capacity of individuals who were in effect being relegated to the scrap heap and dismissed as freeloaders."[19]

As a philosophy, timebanking, also known as Time Trade[20] is founded upon five principles, known as TimeBanking's Core Values:[21]

• Everyone is an asset
• Some work is beyond a monetary price
• Reciprocity in helping
• Community (via social networks) is necessary
• A respect for all human beings

Ideally, timebanking builds community. TimeBank members sometimes refer to this as a return to simpler times when the community was there for its individuals. An interview at a timebank in the Gorbals neighbourhood of Glasgow revealed the following sentiment:

[the time bank] involves everybody coming together as a community ... the Gorbals has never—not for a long time—had a lot of community spirit. Way back, years ago, it had a lot of community spirit, but now you see that in some areas, people won't even go to the chap next door for some sugar ... that's what I think the project's doing, trying to bring that back, that community sense ...[22]

In 2017 Nimses offered a concept of a time-based currency Nim.[23] 1 nim = 1 minute of life. The concept was first adopted in Eastern Europe.[24] The concept is based on the idea of universal basic income. Every person is an issuer of nims. For every minute of one's life, 1 nim is created, which can be spent or sent to another person, like money.

Timebanks have been established in 34 countries, with at least 500 timebanks established in 40 US states and 300 throughout the United Kingdom.[30][31] TimeBanks also have a significant presence in Japan, South Korea, New Zealand, Taiwan, Senegal, Argentina, Israel, Greece, and Spain.[32][33][34] TimeBanks have been used to reduce recidivism rates with diversionary programs for first-time juvenile offenders; facilitate re-entry of for ex-convicts; deliver health care, job training and social services in public housing complexes; facilitate substance abuse recovery; prevent institutionalization of severely disabled children through parental support networks; provide transportation for homebound seniors in rural areas; deliver elder care, community health services and hospice care; and foster women's rights initiatives in Senegal.[35][36][37][38][39][40]

Timebanking is a pattern of reciprocal service exchange that uses units of time as currency. It is an example of a complementary monetary system. A timebank, also known as a service exchange, is a community that practices time banking. The unit of currency, always valued at an hour's worth of any person's labor, used by these groups has various names but is generally known as a time credit in the US and the UK (formerly a time dollar in the US). Timebanking is primarily used to provide incentives and rewards for work such as mentoring children, caring for the elderly, being neighborly—work usually done on a volunteer basis—which a pure market system devalues. Essentially, the "time" one spends providing these types of community services earns "time" that one can spend to receive services.[41] As well as gaining credits, participating individuals, particularly those more used to being recipients in other parts of their lives, can potentially gain confidence, social contact and skills through giving to others. Communities, therefore, use time banking as a tool to forge stronger intra-community connections, a process known as "building social capital". Timebanking had its intellectual genesis in the US in the early 1980s.[42] By 1990, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation had invested US$1.2 million to pilot time banking in the context of senior care. Today, 26 countries have active TimeBanks. There are 250 TimeBanks active in the UK[43] and over 276 TimeBanks in the U.S.[44]

The time credit is the fundamental unit of exchange in a timebank, equal to one hour of a person's labor. In traditional timebanks, one hour of one person's time is equal to one hour of another's. Time credits are earned for providing services and spent receiving services. Upon earning a time credit, a person does not need to spend it right away: they can save it indefinitely. However, since the value of a time credit is fixed at one hour, it resists inflation and does not earn interest. In these ways it is intentionally designed to differ from the traditional fiat currency used in most countries.[50] Consequently, it does little good to hoard time credits and, in practice, many timebanks also encourage the donation of excess time credits to a community pool which is then spent for those in need or on community events.

The first British time bank opened in 1998 in Stroud, Gloucestershire. Timebanking UK,[54] or TBUK, was founded in 2002 by social activist Martin Simon, inspired by the growth of timebanking in the USA. TBUK is a charity and membership organisation providing advice, resources, software and training to anyone who wants to set up a community time bank, develop an existing one, or learn more about timebanking. TBUK also advocates for timebanking at UK government and policy level, and supports organisations who wish to incorporate an asset-based approach into their practice.

By March 2021, almost six million hours had been exchanged by TBUK members, and there are time banks throughout the UK, from the Isle of Wight to Stanley in Perthshire.

TimeBank Ireland is a charitable organization established with the primary goal of promoting and implementing the concept of timebanking within the local communities of Ireland.

History

TimeBank Ireland was initially founded in approximately 2013. Over the subsequent years, the organization diligently worked towards achieving its charity status, which was officially granted in 2017. Since its inception, TimeBank Ireland has been dedicated to its mission of fostering community engagement and mutual aid through the timebanking model.

Achievements

In its early years, TimeBank Ireland experienced significant success in introducing timebanking to local communities. This innovative approach allowed members to exchange services using time as a currency, fostering a sense of community and collaboration. As a testament to its impact and reach, TimeBank Ireland now boasts members from various regions across the country.

Mission and Vision

TimeBank Ireland envisions a nation where community members actively support and uplift one another through the exchange of services, skills, and time. By promoting the ethos of mutual aid and reciprocity, the organization aims to strengthen community bonds and encourage a more collaborative and inclusive society.

Current Activities

With members scattered throughout Ireland, TimeBank Ireland continues to expand its reach and influence. The organization conducts regular workshops, community outreach programs, and awareness campaigns to educate the public about the benefits of timebanking and to encourage more individuals to join the movement.

Conclusion

TimeBank Ireland stands as a testament to the power of community-driven initiatives. Through its unwavering commitment to promoting timebanking, the organization has not only enriched the lives of its members but has also played a pivotal role in fostering a sense of community and collaboration across Ireland.

In 2013 TimeRepublik [55] launched the first global Timebank. Its aim is to eliminate geographical limitations of previous timebanks.[56][57] Since 2015 TimeRepublik has been promoting Time Banking within local governments, municipalities, universities, and large companies.[58][59][60][61] In 2017 TimeRepublik won the first prize at the BAI Global Innovation Awards in the Innovation and Human Capital category [62]

The Community Exchange System (CES) is a global network of communities using alternative exchange systems, many of which use timebanks. Timebanks can trade with each other wherever they are, as well as with mutual credit exchanges. The system uses a base 'currency' of one hour, and the conversion rates between the different exchange groups are based on national average hourly wage rates. This allows timebanks to trade with mutual credit exchanges in the same or different countries.

Elderplan was a social HMO which incorporated timebanking as a way to promote active, engaged lifestyles for its older members. Funding for the "social" part of social HMOs has since dried up and much of the program has been cut, but at its height, members were able to pay portions of their premiums in time credits (back then called Time Dollars) instead of hard currency.[63] The idea was to encourage older people to become more engaged in their communities while also to ask for help more often and "[foster] dignity by allowing people to contribute services as well as receive them."[64]

In 2004, Dr. Gill Seyfang published a study in the Community Development Journal about the effects of a timebank located in the Gorbals area of Glasgow, Scotland, "an inner-city estate characterized by high levels of deprivation, poverty, unemployment, poor health and low educational attainment."[65] The Gorbals Timebank is run by a local charity with the intent to combat the social ills that face the region.[65] Seyfang concluded that the timebank was effective at "building community capacity" and "promoting social inclusion."[66] She highlights the timebank's success at "[re-stitching] the social fabric of the Gorbals."[66] by "[boosting] engagement in existing projects and activities" in a variety of projects including a community safety network, a library, a healthy living project, and a theatre.[66] She writes that "the timebank had enabled people to access help they otherwise would have had to do without," help which included home repair, gardening, a funeral, and tuition paid in time credits to a continuing education course.[67]

The Time Bank of the City of Florianópolis (BTF) is one of the first and best known Time Banks in Brazil. The initiative was conceived in September 2015 at a local Zeitgeist meeting, part of the international sustainability movement.[68] BTF works from a Facebook group that has more than 20,000 members, and exchanges are counted in a spreadsheet shared with users. Scientific research on BTF indicates that the time bank is a means for creating social capital in local society[69] and that BTF members have different socioeconomic characteristics compared to residents of the city of Florianópolis. Younger, non-white, employed, female individuals, working in the informal sector, with a higher education level and with a higher monthly income are more likely to be BTF members.[70]

Spice is a social enterprise that has developed a time-based currency called Time Credits. Spice works across health and social care, housing, community development and education, supporting organisations and services to use Time Credits to achieve their outcomes. Spice grew out of the work of the Wales Institute for Community Currencies in the former mining districts of South Wales, UK.[71] Several Studies are done based on Spice Timebank or referenced this timebank.[72][73] In a 2016 survey, based on a 1000 members of Spice timebank, 77% of respondents said Time Credits have had a positive impact on their quality of life, 42% reported that learned a new skill and 30% reported that they having less need to go to doctor.[74]