Titris Hoyuk

Titris Hoyuk (also Titriş Höyük) is an ancient Near East archaeological site in Turkey. It lies 45 kilometers north of Şanlıurfa, near the Euphrates river valley. It is a two period site from the 3rd millennium BC. Unlike most archaeological sites in the region the primary focus has been on excavating non-elite, mostly domestic, areas rather than elite spaces.[1] A manna (duck) weight inscribed with the name of an official of Akkadian ruler Shu-durul was recovered from a looted context.[2] It has been suggested that the city name was Dulu in the 3rd millennium BC.[3]

Titris Hoyuk
Titris Hoyuk is located in Turkey
Titris Hoyuk
Shown within Turkey
Alternative nameTitriş Höyük
LocationTurkey
Coordinates37°28′34″N 38°40′38″E
Typesettlement
History
Foundedc. 2700 BC
AbandonedEnd of 3rd millennium BC
PeriodsBronze Age
CulturesEarly Dynastic, Roman, Islamic, Medieval
Site notes
Excavation dates1991–1999
ArchaeologistsGuillermo Algaze
ConditionRuined
OwnershipPublic
Public accessYes

History
Early Bronze Age "Trinket Mould" from Titriş Höyük

The main mound, 3.3 hectares in area and rising 30 meters above the plane, was occupied from the Chalcolithic through the Islamic periods (including the Hellenistic, Roman, and Medieval periods) and has not yet been excavated. The site was active in two periods. In the first, between 2700 and 2400 BC, it reached a size of 43 hectares developing in an unplanned manner from the center. This was a time when other northern Mesopotamian sites also experienced significant growth including Tell Brak and Tell Mardikh. There were production areas for Canaanean blades on the outskirts.[4] After a period of abandonment the second occupation period began around 2300 BC, reaching 35 hectares. This phase of development was centrally planned with regular streets and terraces.[2][5] It also gained a 3 meter wide mud brick (with stone foundations) fortification wall complete with a moat. This phase ended by the close of the 3rd millennium BC.[1] A group burial at the end of this phase has been interpreted as the result of a massacre or possibly the result of a battle.[6] In the following several centuries pit graves were cut into the abandoned buildings.[7]

Archaeology
Urfa museum Idols from Titriş Höyük – Bronze age 4855

Work was restricted to two non-elite areas, one in the Lower Town (east of the main mound) and one in the Outer Town (north of the main mound). Over 16 hectares of the site were subjected to a magnetometry survey. Nine seasons of excavation were conducted directed by Guillermo Algaze.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

See also

References
  1. Nishimura, Yoko. "North Mesopotamian Urban Neighborhoods at Titris Höyük in the Third Millennium BC." Making ancient cities: space and place in early urban societies. Andrew T. Creekmore III and Kevin D. Fisher, eds (2014): 74–110
  2. Matney 2002: T. Matney, Urban planning and the archaeology of society at Early Bronze Age Titris ̧ Höyük. In: D. C. Hopkins (Hrsg.), Across the Anatolian Plateau. Readings in the archaeology of ancient Turkey. The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 57 (Boston 2002) 19–34
  3. Archi, Alfonso. "The Wars of Ebla at the Time of Minister Ibrium" Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 189–220, 2021
  4. Hartenberger, Britt, et al. "The Early Bronze Age Blade Workshop at Titriş Höyük: Lithic Specialization in an Urban Context." Near Eastern Archaeology, vol. 63, no. 1, 2000, pp. 51–58
  5. Matney, Timothy, and Guillermo Algaze. "Urban Development at Mid-Late Early Bronze Age Titriș Höyük in Southeastern Anatolia." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 299/300, 1995, pp. 33–52
  6. Erdal, Ö. Dilek. "A possible massacre at early Bronze age Titriş Höyük, Anatolia." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 22.1 (2012): 1–21
  7. Laneri, Nicola. "Burial Practices at Titriş Höyük, Turkey: An Interpretation." Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 66, no. 4, 2007, pp. 241–66
  8. G. Algaze, A. Misir, and T. Wilkinson, "Şanlıurfa Museum/University of California Excavations and Surveys at Titris Höyük, 1991: A Preliminary Report," Anatolica 18 (1992): 33–60
  9. Algaze, Guillermo, and Adnan Mısır. "Titriş Höyük: An Early Bronze Age Urban Center in Southeastern Anatolia, 1993." 1993 Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı vol 1 (1995): 107–120
  10. Algaze, G. et al. (1995) Titris Höyük. A small EBA Urban Center in SE Anatolia. The 1994 Season. Anatolica, XXI, pp. 13–64.
  11. Algaze, G. et al. (1996) "Early Bronze Age Urban Structure at Titris Höyük, Southeastern Turkey. The 1995 Season." Anatolica, XXII, pp. 129–43.
  12. T. Matney/G. Algaze/H. Pittman, Excavations at Titris Höyük in Southeastern Turkey: a preliminary report of the 1996 season. Anatolica 23, 1997, 61–84
  13. Matney, T. et al. (1999) "Early Bronze Age Urban Structure at Titris Höyük, Southeastern Turkey. The 1998 Season." Anatolica, XXV, pp. 185–202.
  14. Algaze G, Dinckan G, Hartenberger B, Matney M, Pournelle J, Rainville L, Rosen S, Rupley E, Schlee D, Vallet R (2001) "Research at Titris Höyük in southeastern Turkey: the 1999 season." Anatolica 27:23–106

Further reading
  • Honca D, Algaze G. 1998. "Preliminary report on the human skeletal remains at Titris ̧ Höyük:1991–1996 seasons." Anatolica 24: 101–141
  • Matney, Timothy, et al. "Understanding Early Bronze Age social structure through mortuary remains: A pilot aDNA study from Titriş Höyük, southeastern Turkey." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 22.3 (2012): 338–351
  • Hald, Mette Marie. "Distribution of Crops at Late Early Bronze Age Titriş Höyük, Southeast Anatolia: Towards a Model for the Identification of Consumers of Centrally Organised Food Distribution." Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, vol. 19, no. 1, 2010, pp. 69–77
  • Timothy Matney. "Infant Burial Practices as Domestic Funerary Ritual at Early Bronze Age Titriş Höyük." Near Eastern Archaeology, vol. 81, no. 3, 2018, pp. 174–81
  • Laneri, Nicola. "The Discovery of a Funerary Ritual: Inanna/Ishtar and Her Descent to the Nether World in Titriş Höyük, Turkey." East and West, vol. 52, no. 1/4, 2002, pp. 9–51
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