Tomatidine

Tomatidine is an anabolic chemical compound that prevents muscle wasting.[1] It is naturally found in leaves of tomatoes and green tomatoes.[1] Chemically, it is the aglycone of tomatine. It has been shown to have multiple health benefits.[2] Tomatidine is an inhibitor of skeletal muscle atrophy, and a potential therapeutic agent for aging-associated sarcopenia, reducing weakness and atrophy in aged skeletal muscle by interaction with the ATF4 (a critical mediator of age-related muscle weakness and atrophy).[3][4]

Tomatidine
Names
IUPAC name
(1R,2S,4S,5′S,6S,7S,8R,9S,12S,13S,16S,18S)-5′,7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosane-6,2′-piperidine]-16-ol
Other names
  • 5alpha-Tomatidan-3beta-ol
  • (3beta,5alpha,22beta,25S)-Spirosolan-3-ol
  • Tomatidin
  • (22S,25S)-5alpha-spirosolan-3beta-ol
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
91747
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.947
EC Number
  • 201-040-3
KEGG
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C27H45NO2/c1-16-7-12-27(28-15-16)17(2)24-23(30-27)14-22-20-6-5-18-13-19(29)8-10-25(18,3)21(20)9-11-26(22,24)4/h16-24,28-29H,5-15H2,1-4H3/t16-,17-,18-,19-,20+,21-,22-,23-,24-,25-,26-,27-/m0/s1
    Key: XYNPYHXGMWJBLV-VXPJTDKGSA-N
  • CC1CCC2(C(C3C(O2)CC4C3(CCC5C4CCC6C5(CCC(C6)O)C)C)C)NC1
Properties
C27H45NO2
Molar mass 415.662 g·mol−1
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS06: ToxicGHS07: Exclamation mark
Danger
H301, H302, H331
P261, P264, P270, P271, P301+P310, P301+P312, P304+P340, P311, P321, P330, P403+P233, P405, P501
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Dietary supplementation with ~0.04% tomatidine for 10 weeks reduces plasma cholesterol and atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice without evidence of toxicity.[5]

Research

It is investigated as compound to increase longevity and it increased lifespan and healthspan of C. elegans.[6] It is also investigated in osteoporosis.[7][8]

See also

References
  1. "Green is good: Natural compound from green tomatoes increases muscle, protects against muscle wasting".
  2. Friedman, Mendel (2013). "Anticarcinogenic, Cardioprotective, and Other Health Benefits of Tomato Compounds Lycopene, α-Tomatine, and Tomatidine in Pure Form and in Fresh and Processed Tomatoes". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 61 (40): 9534–50. doi:10.1021/jf402654e. PMID 24079774.
  3. Dyle, M. C.; Ebert, S. M.; Cook, D. P.; Kunkel, S. D.; Fox, D. K.; Bongers, K. S.; Bullard, S. A.; Dierdorff, J. M.; Adams, C. M. (2014). "Systems-based Discovery of Tomatidine as a Natural Small Molecule Inhibitor of Skeletal Muscle Atrophy". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 289 (21): 14913–14924. doi:10.1074/jbc.M114.556241. PMC 4031541. PMID 24719321.
  4. Ebert, S. M.; Dyle, M. C.; Bullard, S. A.; Dierdorff, J. M.; Murry, D. J.; Fox, D. K.; Bongers, K. S.; Lira, V. A.; Meyerholz, D. K.; Talley, J. J.; Adams, C. M. (2015). "Identification and Small Molecule Inhibition of an Activating Transcription Factor 4 (ATF4)-dependent Pathway to Age-related Skeletal Muscle Weakness and Atrophy". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 290 (42): 25497–25511. doi:10.1074/jbc.M115.681445. PMC 4646196. PMID 26338703.
  5. Fujiwara, Y; Kiyota, N; Tsurushima, K; Yoshitomi, M; Horlad, H; Ikeda, T; Nohara, T; Takeya, M; Nagai, R (2012). "Tomatidine, a tomato sapogenol, ameliorates hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice by inhibiting acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 60 (10): 2472–9. doi:10.1021/jf204197r. PMID 22224814.
  6. Fang EF, Waltz TB, Kassahun H, Lu Q, Kerr JS, Morevati M, Fivenson EM, Wollman BN, Marosi K, Wilson MA, Iser WB, Eckley DM, Zhang Y, Lehrmann E, Goldberg IG, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Mattson MP, Nilsen H, Bohr VA, Becker KG (April 2017). "Tomatidine enhances lifespan and healthspan in C. elegans through mitophagy induction via the SKN-1/Nrf2 pathway". Scientific Reports. 7: 46208. Bibcode:2017NatSR...746208F. doi:10.1038/srep46208. PMC 5387417. PMID 28397803.
  7. Hu B, Sun X, Yang Y, Ying Z, Meng J, Zhou C, Jiang G, Li S, Wu F, Zhao X, Zhu H, Wu H, Cai X, Shi Z, Yan S (February 2019). "Tomatidine suppresses osteoclastogenesis and mitigates estrogen deficiency-induced bone mass loss by modulating TRAF6-mediated signaling". FASEB Journal. 33 (2): 2574–2586. doi:10.1096/fj.201800920R. PMID 30285579. S2CID 52918610.
  8. Yu T, Wu Q, You X, Zhou H, Xu S, He W, Li Z, Li B, Xia J, Zhu H, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Chen K (April 2020). "Tomatidine Alleviates Osteoporosis by Downregulation of p53". Medical Science Monitor. 26: e923996. doi:10.12659/MSM.923996. PMC 7191956. PMID 32300098.
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