Tosa Nikki
The Tosa Nikki (Tosa Diary 土佐日記) is a poetic diary written anonymously by the tenth-century Japanese poet Ki no Tsurayuki.[1] The text details a 55-day journey in 935 returning to Kyoto from Tosa province, where Tsurayuki had been the provincial governor. The prose account of the journey is punctuated by Japanese poems, purported to have been composed on the spot by the characters.
Diary Prose
The Tosa Nikki is the first notable example of the Japanese diary as literature. Until its time, the word “diary” (nikki) denoted dry official records of government or family affairs, written by men in Sino-Japanese. By contrast, the Tosa Diary is written in the Japanese language, using phonetic kana characters. Literate men of the period wrote in both kana and kanji, but women typically were not taught the latter, being restricted to kana literature. By framing the diary in the point of view of a fictitious female narrator, Tsurayuki could avoid employing Chinese characters or citing Chinese poems, focusing instead on the aesthetics of the Japanese language and its poetry.[2]
Travel poetry
The Tosa Nikki is associated with travel poems (kiryoka) (such as those compiled in the Man'yōshū) as well as the utamakura and utanikki.[3] These texts constitute the Japanese travel journal, which - as a literary genre - is considered inseparable from poetry.[3] These follow the tradition of weaving of poems and the use of introductory narratives written in a logical structure.[4] Like other poems in the genre, the Tosa Nikki also explored the significance of landscape as well poems written about it.[4] Even the Tosa Nikki was also alluded to by other poems such as the maeku.[5]
The "Tosa Nikki" also implements fictional names of places to call on earlier and traditional Japanese texts. The usage of fictional names also allows a merge between fictional and autobiographical genres. By incorporating fictional elements with real scenery in both narration and poems, Tosa Nikki allows allusions to previous works and conveys different images and significance to those already popular locations.[6]
Locations in Tosa Nikki
Below are the dates and locations the narrator travelled to. The dates are written according to the lunar calendar.[7]
| Date | Areas Visited | Current Day Location |
|---|---|---|
| 21st day of the 12th month | Kokufu (Depart) | Around Nankoku city, Kochi prefecture |
| 21st-26th day of the 12th month | Otsu | Otsu, Kochi city, Kochi prefecture |
| 27th day of the 12th month | Urado | Urado, Kochi city, Kochi prefecture |
| 29th day of the 12th month | Ominato | Maehama, Shikoku city, Kochi prefecture |
| 9th day of the 1st month | Uta no Matsubura | Around Kishimoto, Konan city, Kochi prefecture |
| 10th day of the 1st month | Naha no tomari | Nahari town, Aki district, Kochi prefecture |
| 11th day of the 1st month | Hane | Hane town, Muroto city, Kochi prefecture |
| 12th day of the 1st month | Murotsu | Murotsu, Muroto city, Kochi prefecture |
| 29th day of the 1st month | Tosa no Tomari | Narutochotosadomariura, Naruto city, Tokushima prefecture |
| 30th day of the 1st month | Awa no Mito | Narutokaikyo |
| " | Nushima | Nushima, Minamiawaji city, Hyogo prefecture |
| " | Izumo no Nada | (Southwestern Osaka) |
| 1st day of the 2nd month | Kurosaki no Matsubara | Tannowa, Sennangun Misaki town, Osaka prefecture |
| " | Hako no Ura | Hakonoura, Hannan city, Osaka prefecture |
| 5th day of the 2nd month | Ishizu | Hanadera, Sakai city, Osaka prefecture |
| " | Sumiyoshi | Hanadera, Sakai city, Osaka prefecture |
| 6th day of the 2nd month | Naniwa | Osaka city, Osaka prefecture |
| 8th day of the 2nd month | Torigahi no mimaki | Torikai, Settsu city, Osaka prefecture |
| 9th day of the 2nd month | Nagisa no In | Nagisamoto town, Hirakata city, Osaka prefecture |
| " | Udono | Udono, Takatsuki city, Osaka prefecture |
| 11th day of the 2nd month | Hachiman no miya | Iwashimizuhachimanngu |
| " | Yamazaki | Otokunigun oyamazaki town, Kyoto Prefecture |
| 16th day of the 2nd month | Shimazaki | Otou street, Kamiueno town, Mukou city, Kyoto prefecture |
| " | Kyo (Arrival to the Capital) | Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture |
Themes
Grief
The loss of a child and a grieving parent are frequently mentioned by the narrator and the many that accompany the journey. For example, on the 27th of the 12th month, it referenced "a parent [who] was lost in grief for an absent child" with the poem accompanying the day also written about "one among us who will not be going home".[8] This suggests that the child had passed recently or during the journey. Another example can be found on the 5th day of the 2nd month, as the grieving mother composes her own poem and expresses her pain and unwillingness to forget about her child.[9] An interpretation can be that the child is still among the group spiritually, and the mother's grief is the emotional attachment keeping the child from moving on.[6]
It is speculated that Ki no Tsurayuki has lost a child during this time, and alluded to his and his family's grief through various characters the narrator encounters.[6][10]
References
- Keene, Donald 1999. Seeds in the Heart: A History of Japanese Literature, Volume 1. New York: Columbia University Press, p.361-366
- Matsumura, Seiichi et al, 1973. Nihon Koten Bungaku Zenshū v. 9. Tokyo: Shogakukan, introductory essay.
- Kerkham, Eleanor (2006). Matsuo Bash?'s Poetic Spaces: Exploring Haikai Intersections. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 62. ISBN 9781349533886.
- Qiu, Peipei (2005). Basho and the Dao: The Zhuangzi and the Transformation of Haikai. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 75-76. ISBN 0824828453.
- Jonsson, Herbert H. (2016). Reading Japanese Haikai, Poetry: A Study in the Polyphony of Yosa Buson's Linked Poems. Leiden: BRILL. p. 35. ISBN 9789004311183.
- Heldt, Gustav (2019). "Liquid Landscapes: Tosa Nikki's Pioneering Poetic Contribution to the Travelogue Prose". Japan Review (32): 17–44. JSTOR 26652948.
- ja:土佐日記
- McCullough, Helen Craig (1991). Classical Japanese Prose: An Anthology. California: Stanford University Press. pp. 71–103. ISBN 9780804719605.
-
, pp. 95-96. - Heldt, Gustav (2005). "Writing Like a Man: Poetic Literacy, Textual Property, and Gender in the Tosa Diary". 64 (1): 7–34. ProQuest 230387967.
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