Translationally controlled tumor protein

Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TPT1 gene.[4][5][6] TPT1 is mapped to 13q12-q14 on chromosome 13.[5] The human gene contains five introns and six exons, TPT1 contains a promoter with a canonical TATA-box and several promoter elements, which are well-conserved in mammals.[7] The assay with reporter gene exhibits a strong promoter activity comparable to viral promoters.[8]

TPT1-AS1
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesTPT1-AS1, HRF, TCTP, p02, p23, tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1, TPT1 antisense RNA 1
External IDsOMIM: 600763 MGI: 104890 HomoloGene: 55730 GeneCards: TPT1-AS1
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

100190939

22070

Ensembl

ENSG00000170919

ENSMUSG00000060126

UniProt

P13693

P63028

RefSeq (mRNA)

n/a

NM_009429

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001273201
NP_001273202
NP_003286

NP_033455

Location (UCSC)n/aChr 14: 76.08 – 76.09 Mb
PubMed search[2][3]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

TCTP protein is also known as p23,[9] Fortilin,[10] and histamine-releasing factor.[11][12]

TCTP is a multifunctional and highly conserved protein that existed ubiquitously in different eukaryote species and distributed widely in various tissues and cell types.[13]

TCTP in the human is a growth-related, calcium-binding protein.[14]

History

Translationally controlled tumor protein was first discovered in 1989 as a cDNA sequence obtained from a human mammary carcinoma cDNA library with proves derived from the translationally controlled, growth-related mouse tumor protein TCTP.[15] TCTP was originally described as a growth related protein of tumor cells. Its mRNA accumulates in translationally repressed postpolysomal mRNP-complexes.[16]

Research in 1997 shown that TCTP is not a tumor- or tissue-specific protein, but is expressed ubiquitously from plants to mammals.[17][18][19][20] Later studies show TCTP involvement in a protozoan Trypanosoma brucei.[21][22]

Characteristics

TCTP is a 20–25 kDa protein abundantly and ubiquitously expressed in the cell.[14] The protein is transcribed in more than 500 different tissues and cell types; hTCTP gene is one of the top 10 most ubiquitously expressed genes in humans by examining 1753 libraries from kinds of tissues,[23] but differed considerably in their quantity and ratio of expression. The expression is lower in kidney and renal cells.[17] This indicates an extensive transcriptional control and involvement of tissue-specific factors.[7]

The majority of publications established TCTP to be a cytoplasmic protein but nuclear localisation has also been reported, as well as extracellular activity; however, the process of secretion has not been found.[7]

Function

The abundance and ubiquity indicate that TCTP may have important primary functions. However, a large number of cellular and biochemical functions have been found since 1980s. Most of these functions can be classified into three groups.[14]

TCTP has properties of a tubulin binding protein that associates with microtubules in a cell cycle-dependent manner.[24][25]

The transient overexpression of TCTP in HeLa cells prevented them from undergoing etoposide-induced apoptosis.[10] Expressing TCTP in U2OS (human bone osteosarcoma epithelial cells) protected them from cell death induced by etoposide over various concentrations and durations of exposure.[10] TCTP overexpression inhibited caspase-3-like activity as assessed by the cleavage of fluorogenic substrate.[10]

Expression levels of TCTP were down-regulated at the mRNA and protein levels during tumor suppression and by the activation of p53 and Siah-1 very well known anti-tumor genes.[26][27] Down-regulation of TCTP can induce tumor reversion, and in combination with some drugs that decrease the level of TCTP and will lead to kill tumor cells.[28] TCTP knockdown in primary mammary tumor cells, results in increased p53 expression and a decreased number of stem-like cancer cells.[29]

Reducing TCTP (dTCTP) levels in Drosophila reduces cell size, cell number and organ size, which mimics Drosophila Rheb (dRheb) mutant phenotypes; human TCTP (hTCTP) shows similar biochemical properties compared to dTCTP.

TCTP caused histamine release from the human basophils of a subpopulation of donors, and this release was dependent on IgE.[30][31] The expression of TCTP is regulated at two distinct levels, depletion of the ER calcium causes an increase in TCTP mRNA abundance, increased cytosolic calcium concentrations regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level.[17][32][33]

Downregulation of the protein levels by siRNA in HTR-8/SVneo (Homo sapiens placenta cells) was associated with a reduced cellular calcium-uptake activity and buffering capacity.[7]

Translationally controlled tumor protein has a role in tumor reversion and development.[34][35]

TCTP is a regulator of the cancer stem cell compartment,[36] the tumor reversion,[37][38] tumor progression and certain forms of inflammatory diseases.[30] Moreover, TCTP was described as a pro-survival protein antagonizing BAX function.[39]

Structure

Sequence alignment of TCTP sequences from more than 30 different species reveals a high degree of conservation over a long period of evolution.[7]

The solution structure of TCTP from yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been determined by NMR spectroscopy which indicated that this protein is structurally similar to two small guanine nucleotide-free chaperones, namely Mss4 and Dss4.[40] TCTP and Mss4/Dss4 are now therefore structurally grouped into one protein superfamily.[7]

Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is involved in a wide range of molecular interactions with biological and nonbiological partners of various chemical compositions such as proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, or small molecules. TCTP is therefore an important and versatile binding platform. Many of these protein–protein interactions have been validated, albeit only few received an in-depth structural characterization. In TCTP/tpt1 - Remodeling Signaling from Stem Cell to Disease, focus is on the structural analysis of TCTP and the review of the available literature regarding its interaction network from a structural perspective.[41]

The structure of TCTP has a very complex topology composed of three alpha helices, and eleven beta strands arranged in two small beta-sheets, one larger than the other.[42]

Interactions

TCTP is reported to interact with dozens of other proteins, which relates to its functions in many cellular and biological mechanisms.[43] TCTP has been shown for example to interact with:

References
  1. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000060126 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  3. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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  5. MacDonald SM, Paznekas WA, Jabs EW (Jun 1999). "Chromosomal localization of tumor protein, translationally controlled 1 (TPT1) encoding the human histamine releasing factor (HRF) to 13q12-->q14". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 84 (1–2): 128–9. doi:10.1159/000015238. PMID 10343127. S2CID 38129789.
  6. "Entrez Gene: TPT1 tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1".
  7. Bommer UA, Thiele BJ (March 2004). "The translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP)". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 36 (3): 379–85. doi:10.1016/S1357-2725(03)00213-9. PMID 14687915.
  8. Thiele H, Berger M, Lenzner C, Kühn H, Thiele BJ (October 1998). "Structure of the promoter and complete sequence of the gene coding for the rabbit translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) P23". European Journal of Biochemistry. 257 (1): 62–8. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2570062.x. PMID 9799103.
  9. Böhm H, Benndorf R, Gaestel M, Gross B, Nürnberg P, Kraft R, Otto A, Bielka H (August 1989). "The growth-related protein P23 of the Ehrlich ascites tumor: translational control, cloning and primary structure". Biochemistry International. 19 (2): 277–86. PMID 2479380.
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  37. Tuynder M, Susini L, Prieur S, Besse S, Fiucci G, Amson R, Telerman A (November 2002). "Biological models and genes of tumor reversion: cellular reprogramming through tpt1/TCTP and SIAH-1". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (23): 14976–81. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9914976T. doi:10.1073/pnas.222470799. PMC 137530. PMID 12399545.
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  41. Telerman A, Amson R (2017). "Structural Insights into TCTP and Its Interactions with Ligands and Proteins". TCTP/Tpt1 - Remodeling Signaling from Stem Cell to Disease (PDF). Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation. Vol. 64. pp. 9–46. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67591-6_2. ISBN 978-3-319-67590-9. PMID 29149402.
  42. Gao J, Ma Y, Yang G, Li G (August 2022). "Translationally controlled tumor protein: the mediator promoting cancer invasion and migration and its potential clinical prospects". J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 23 (8): 642–654. doi:10.1631/jzus.B2100910. PMC 9381325. PMID 35953758.
  43. Assrir A, Malard F, Lescop E (2016). "Structural Insights into TCTP and Its Interactions with Ligands and Proteins". TCTP/Tpt1 - Remodeling Signaling from Stem Cell to Disease. pp. 9–46. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67591-6_2. ISBN 978-3-319-67590-9. PMID 29149402. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  44. Liu H, Peng HW, Cheng YS, Yuan HS, Yang-Yen HF (April 2005). "Stabilization and enhancement of the antiapoptotic activity of mcl-1 by TCTP". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 25 (8): 3117–26. doi:10.1128/MCB.25.8.3117-3126.2005. PMC 1069602. PMID 15798198.
  45. Thébault S, Agez M, Chi X, Stojko J, Cura V, Telerman SB, Maillet L, Gautier F, Billas-Massobrio I, Birck C, Troffer-Charlier N, Karafin T, Honoré J, Senff-Ribeiro A, Montessuit S, Johnson CM, Juin P, Cianférani S, Martinou JC, Andrews DW, Amson R, Telerman A, Cavarelli J (January 2016). "TCTP contains a BH3-like domain, which instead of inhibiting, activates Bcl-xL". Scientific Reports. 6: 19725. Bibcode:2016NatSR...619725T. doi:10.1038/srep19725. PMC 4728560. PMID 26813996.

Further reading
  • Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P13693 (Human Translationally-controlled tumor protein) at the PDBe-KB.
  • Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P63028 (Mouse Translationally-controlled tumor protein) at the PDBe-KB.
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