Traveling plane wave

In mathematics and physics, a traveling plane wave is a special case of plane wave, namely a field whose evolution in time can be described as simple translation of its values at a constant wave speed ${\displaystyle c}$, along a fixed direction of propagation ${\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}$.

The wavefronts of a traveling plane wave in three-dimensional space.

Such a field can be written as

${\displaystyle F({\vec {x}},t)=G\left({\vec {x}}\cdot {\vec {n}}-ct\right)\,}$

where ${\displaystyle G(u)}$ is a function of a single real parameter ${\displaystyle u=d-ct}$. The function ${\displaystyle G}$ describes the profile of the wave, namely the value of the field at time ${\displaystyle t=0}$, for each displacement ${\displaystyle d={\vec {x}}\cdot {\vec {n}}}$. For each displacement ${\displaystyle d}$, the moving plane perpendicular to ${\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}$ at distance ${\displaystyle d+ct}$ from the origin is called a wavefront. This plane too travels along the direction of propagation ${\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}$ with velocity ${\displaystyle c}$; and the value of the field is then the same, and constant in time, at every one of its points.

The wave ${\displaystyle F}$ may be a scalar or vector field; its values are the values of ${\displaystyle G}$.

A sinusoidal plane wave is a special case, when ${\displaystyle G(u)}$ is a sinusoidal function of ${\displaystyle u}$.