Tripalium

The original usage of tripalium is still unclear. Its meaning is mainly inferred from interpretations of "three stakes".[1] The earliest references from the ancient Roman era use the term to describe a wooden structure designed to securely imobilise a large "fiery animal" (horse, oxen, cow) during examination or care. In Cicero's In Verrem ("Against Verres"), in 70 BCE, and in a later 582 CE text, the Council of Auxerre,[1] tripalium is used in the context of forbidding clerics to assist torture sessions, and is described as an instrument involving three stakes used to punish only slaves. The subject would be tied to the tripalium and tortured (i.e., burnt).

Historical records concerning the torture in the ancient Roman empire give many famous cases where it was applied and discussions of its legality, but they rarely indicate the means of torture[6] and do not make references to impalement.[7]

The transition from tripalium to the French technical word travail occurred in the 13th century. Travail is still used in France to describe a wooden structure used by farriers for horse care.[5] With the evolution of the French language, Tripalium could have potentially diverged into the following variants: "traveil"; "traval"; or "traveaul".[8] Furthermore, in the Middle Ages, tripalium described either a structure consisting of a framework of wooden beams called Trabicula, or an individual beam in the structure.[9] These trabiculae are the direct source of architecture unique to the city of Lyon, called the Traboules – transverse structures for accessing apartments.