Trichoderma atroviride

Trichoderma atroviride is a filamentous fungal species commonly found in the soil.[1] This fungal species is of particular interest to researchers due to the plethora of secondary metabolites it makes which are used in industry[1] The genus Trichoderma is known for its ubiquity in almost all soils and being easy to culture. Many Trichoderma's are also avirulent plant symbionts.[2]

Trichoderma atroviride
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Hypocreales
Family: Hypocreaceae
Genus: Trichoderma
Species:
T. atroviride
Binomial name
Trichoderma atroviride
Bidr. Känn. Finl. Nat. Folk 51: 363. (1892)
Trichoderma atroviride P.Karst. in GBIF Secretariat (2022). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org on 2023-05-06.
Synonyms

Trichoderma parceramosum Trichoderma todica

Taxonomy

This organism has had its DNA sequenced and uploaded to the NCBI database. An abbreviated taxonomic description is as follows: Eukaryota; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; Pezizomycotina; Sordariomycetes; Hypocreomycetidae; Hypocreales; Hypocreaceae; Trichoderma. The full taxonomic order can be found on the NCBI website.[3] The first description of the genus Trichoderma dates back to 1794, but individual species were not specified, and it was not until 1969 that a framework for identifying Trichoderma species was established.[4] Trichoderma atroviride also has a several synonyms and older names which can be found in the species box.[5]

Description

Images of T. atroviride growing on plates show green fruiting bodies and light-responsive conidiation. In these pictures they can also be seen growing in concentric circle zones on the face of the agar (see species box image).[6][4] Trichoderma species are ubiquitously described as having long filamentous hyphae and the ability to germinate on many different substrates. When the fungus grows it starts off as white, but then becomes various shades of green. Conidiophores are generally irregular in shape and number of conidia release and are also photosensitive and release when exposed to light.[7] Finally, Trichoderma are known for their fast growth rates, and ability to colonize most substrates.[7]

Habitat and ecology

Trichoderma atroviride are fairly ubiquitous organisms, they are found in soils in both tropical and temperate locations around the world.[8] This fungus is found on every continent, and is commonly found in Europe, North and South America and Australia (see range map).[9] Trichoderma a. is a mycoparasite saprophyte, meaning it parasitizes other fungi and it obtains its food by absorbing dissolved organic matter.[10] Trichoderma a. are found in many substrates including decaying wood, and fungal fruiting bodies,[11] and are known to be able to use a wide range of substrates for carbon and nitrogen sources. Finally, Trichoderma a. has a wide temperature survial range from -1 to 35°C. [12]

Relevance to humans

Trichoderma atroviride has many uses that make them relevant to humans. They are used as natural biocontrol agents for both insects and other fungi,[13] they can take up heavy metal pollutants,[14] and they are used as model organisms to better understand the genetic control of light dependent mechanisms.[15]

Fungicide

Insects and pathogenic fungi are significant threats to agriculture around the world.[16] Unfortunately, synthetic pesticides and fungicides can be bad for the environment and are often not very effective long term due to evolution.[17] Trichoderma a. is a mycoparasite, and thus an effective organism to help deal with fungal plant pathogens. Specifically, Trichoderma a. can compete for nutrients and produce fungi cell wall degrading enzymes to kill its host fungus. Furthermore, researchers have been experimenting with Trichoderma a. genome to get it to express even more aggressive fungicide agents.[18] Additionally, Trichoderma a. are currently being explored as a method to defend crops against insects due to their ability to produce natural insecticides which they protect themselves with, so they are not eaten.[13]

Bioremediation

Pollutants due to industry are a huge environmental problem that is very expensive to remedy. Recently, it has been found that Trichoderma a. has the capacity to take up some of these heavy metals. This has been observed in vitro in a wastewater treatment plant, and in research setting on a petri plate. This type of bioremediation could be instrumental to solving heavy metal pollution crises.[14]

Genetic model

Understanding biological circadian clocks has always been important to learn about how organisms respond to stimuli. A good model organism for this research is one that has a clear relationship to an abiotic stimulus that's easy to replicate and has an easily manipulable genome. Trichoderma a. fills both of those requirements, as it releases spores in response to light, and has a conserved genome that can be edited with known genetic tools. This has allowed Trichoderma a. to be an instrumental model organism in research that aims to understand how organisms respond to stimuli.[11]

References
  1. "Trichoderma Atroviride - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  2. Harman, Gary E.; Howell, Charles R.; Viterbo, Ada; Chet, Ilan; Lorito, Matteo (2004). "Trichoderma species — opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2 (1): 43–56. doi:10.1038/nrmicro797. ISSN 1740-1526. PMID 15035008.
  3. Schoch, Conrad L; Ciufo, Stacy; Domrachev, Mikhail; Hotton, Carol L; Kannan, Sivakumar; Khovanskaya, Rogneda; Leipe, Detlef; Mcveigh, Richard; O’Neill, Kathleen; Robbertse, Barbara; Sharma, Shobha; Soussov, Vladimir; Sullivan, John P; Sun, Lu; Turner, Seán (2020-01-01). "NCBI Taxonomy: a comprehensive update on curation, resources and tools". Database. 2020: baaa062. doi:10.1093/database/baaa062. ISSN 1758-0463. PMC 7408187. PMID 32761142.
  4. Schuster, André; Schmoll, Monika (2010). "Biology and biotechnology of Trichoderma". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 87 (3): 787–799. doi:10.1007/s00253-010-2632-1. ISSN 0175-7598. PMC 2886115. PMID 20461510.
  5. "Species Fungorum - Species synonymy". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 2023-05-06.
  6. Schuster, André; Schmoll, Monika (2010-07-01). "Biology and biotechnology of Trichoderma". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 87 (3): 787–799. doi:10.1007/s00253-010-2632-1. ISSN 1432-0614. PMC 2886115. PMID 20461510.
  7. "Trichoderma". Mycology | University of Adelaide. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  8. Kubicek, Christian P; Herrera-Estrella, Alfredo; Seidl-Seiboth, Verena; Martinez, Diego A; Druzhinina, Irina S; Thon, Michael; Zeilinger, Susanne; Casas-Flores, Sergio; Horwitz, Benjamin A; Mukherjee, Prasun K; Mukherjee, Mala; Kredics, László; Alcaraz, Luis D; Aerts, Andrea; Antal, Zsuzsanna (2011). "Comparative genome sequence analysis underscores mycoparasitism as the ancestral life style of Trichoderma". Genome Biology. 12 (4): R40. doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-4-r40. ISSN 1474-760X. PMC 3218866. PMID 21501500.
  9. Trichoderma atroviride P.Karst. in GBIF Secretariat (2022). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset doi:10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org on 2023-05-06.
  10. Kubicek, Christian P; Herrera-Estrella, Alfredo; Seidl-Seiboth, Verena; Martinez, Diego A; Druzhinina, Irina S; Thon, Michael; Zeilinger, Susanne; Casas-Flores, Sergio; Horwitz, Benjamin A; Mukherjee, Prasun K; Mukherjee, Mala; Kredics, László; Alcaraz, Luis D; Aerts, Andrea; Antal, Zsuzsanna (2011). "Comparative genome sequence analysis underscores mycoparasitism as the ancestral life style of Trichoderma". Genome Biology. 12 (4): R40. doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-4-r40. ISSN 1474-760X. PMC 3218866. PMID 21501500.
  11. Henríquez-Urrutia, Marlene; Spanner, Rebecca; Olivares-Yánez, Consuelo; Seguel-Avello, Aldo; Pérez-Lara, Rodrigo; Guillén-Alonso, Hector; Winkler, Robert; Herrera-Estrella, Alfredo; Canessa, Paulo; Larrondo, Luis F (2022-08-11). "Circadian oscillations in Trichoderma atroviride and the role of core clock components in secondary metabolism, development, and mycoparasitism against the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea". eLife. 11: e71358. doi:10.7554/eLife.71358. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 9427114. PMID 35950750. S2CID 251493975.
  12. "Home - Trichoderma atroviride SC1 v1.0". mycocosm.jgi.doe.gov. Retrieved 2023-05-06.
  13. Poveda, Jorge (2021). "Trichoderma as biocontrol agent against pests: New uses for a mycoparasite". Biological Control. 159: 104634. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2021.104634. hdl:2454/41807. S2CID 235522351.
  14. López Errasquı́n, E; Vázquez, C (2003). "Tolerance and uptake of heavy metals by Trichoderma atroviride isolated from sludge". Chemosphere. 50 (1): 137–143. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00485-X. PMID 12656239.
  15. Rokas, Antonis (2021-07-14). Editor's evaluation: Circadian oscillations in Trichoderma atroviride and the role of core clock components in secondary metabolism, development, and mycoparasitism against the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea. doi:10.7554/elife.71358.sa0.
  16. New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture. 1985-01-01. doi:10.17226/13. ISBN 978-0-309-07850-4. PMID 25032394.
  17. Davies, Catheryn R.; Wohlgemuth, Franziska; Young, Taran; Violet, Joseph; Dickinson, Matthew; Sanders, Jan-Willem; Vallieres, Cindy; Avery, Simon V. (2021). "Evolving challenges and strategies for fungal control in the food supply chain". Fungal Biology Reviews. 36: 15–26. doi:10.1016/j.fbr.2021.01.003. PMC 8127832. PMID 34084209.
  18. Brunner, Kurt; Zeilinger, Susanne; Ciliento, Rosalia; Woo, Sheridian L.; Lorito, Matteo; Kubicek, Christian P.; Mach, Robert L. (2005). "Improvement of the Fungal Biocontrol Agent Trichoderma atroviride To Enhance both Antagonism and Induction of Plant Systemic Disease Resistance". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 71 (7): 3959–3965. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.7.3959-3965.2005. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 1168994. PMID 16000810.
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