Tropical evergreen forests of India

Tropical evergreen forests of India are found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands ,[lower-alpha 1] the Western Ghats,[lower-alpha 2] which fringe the Arabian Sea, the coastline of peninsular India, and the greater Assam region in the north-east.[lower-alpha 3] Small remnants of evergreen forest are found in Odisha state.[lower-alpha 4] Semi-evergreen forest is more extensive than the evergreen formation partly because evergreen forests tend to degrade to semi-evergreen with human interference. There are substantial differences between the three major evergreen forest regions.The average annual rainfall is 65-75 inches.[1]

Indian Forest cover map as of 2015

The Western Ghats tropical wet evergreen forests are classified into low-, medium-, and high-elevation types.[2] The Western Ghats monsoon forests occur both on the western (ghats) margins of the coastal and on the eastern side where there is less rainfall. These forests contain several tree species of great commercial significance (e.g. Indian rosewood , Malabar Kino , teak and Indian laurel , but they have now been cleared from many areas. In the evergreen forests, there is an enormous number of tree species; at least 60 percent of the trees of the upper canopy are of species which individually contribute not more than one percent of the total number. Clumps of bamboo occur along streams or in poorly drained hollows throughout the evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of south-west India, probably in areas once cleared for transportion agriculture.

Vertical panorama providing a cross-sectional view of layers of vegetation in the interior of tropical rainforest in Namdapha Tiger Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh, India

The tropical vegetation of north-east India (which includes the states of Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura and Meghalaya as well as the plain regions of Arunachal Pradesh) typically occurs at elevations up to 900 metres (3,000 ft). It embraces evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, moist deciduous monsoon forests, riparian forests, swamps and grasslands. Evergreen forests are found in the Assam Valley, the foothills of the eastern Himalayas and the lower parts of the Naga Hills, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Manipur, where the rain fall exceeds 2,300 mm (91 in) per annum. In the Assam Valley the giant Hollong and ' occur singly, occasionally attaining a girth of up to 7 metres (23 ft) and a height of up to 50 metres (160 ft). The monsoon forests are mainly moist sal forests, which occur widely in this region.[3]

The Andaman and Nicobar islands have tropical evergreen forests and tropical semi-evergreen forests as well as tropical monsoon forests.[4] The dominant species of timber classification|Keruing wood]] is Dipterocarpus grandiflorus in hilly areas, while Dipterocarpus kerrii is dominant on some islands in the southern parts of the archipelago. The monsoon forests of the Andamans are dominated by the Andaman Redwood (Pterocarpus dalbergioides) and Terminalia spp.[5]

Tropical forests in India's east present a total contrast with the pine and coniferous woodland of the Western Himalayas. The natural cover of India varies with altitude; these evergreen forests are bounded with high alpine meadows nearer to the snowline and temperate forests of short stout trees at lower elevations. In the Himalayan foothills are deciduous trees, with shrubs, bamboo, ferns and grass.The trees here are tall with harwood and broad leaves.The trees form a thick canopy.