Tropicoporus tropicalis

Tropicoporus tropicalis is part of the family Hymenochaetaceae, and was recently renamed to Tropicoporus tropicalis from Inonotus tropicalis, which is part of the Inonotus clade B.[1] Tropicoporus tropicalis is a wood-decaying basidiomycetes that rarely causes disease in animals and human, and is commonly found in humid climate such as Brazil.[2][3][4][5][6] In its natural environment, the fungus is associated with white rot woody angiosperms, and has its annual fruiting body on tree trunks and branches.[3] Tropicoporus tropicalis has two kinds of hyphae (a dimitic hyphal system), generative and skeletal, that lack clamp connections.[2][3][7][8]

Tropicoporus tropicalis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Hymenochaetales
Family:
Hymenochaetaceae
Genus:
Tropicoporus
Species:
T. tropicalis
Binomial name
Tropicoporus tropicalis
L.W.Zhou et al (2015)
Synonyms
  • Poria rickii G.Bresadola (1920)
  • Phellinus rickii David & Rajchenb (1985)
  • Phellinus tropicalis M.Laresen & Lombard (1988)
  • Inonotus rickii A.M.Gottlieb, J.E.Wright & J.M.Moncalvo (2002)
  • Inonotus tropicalis L.W.Zhou et al (2015)

Taxonomy, classification, and phylogeny

The earliest record of Tropicoporus tropicalis is by the name Poria rickii, which is then modified into Phellinus rickii, and then renamed to Phellinus tropicalis.[8] However, it is later suggested that Phellinus tropicalis should belong to one of the Inonotus sensu stricto clade after phylogenetic analysis of the fungus's rDNA nuclear LSU sequence.[9] The name Inonotus rickii was also used to describe this fungus, and it is also a species of Inonotus sensu stricto.[10]

The genus Inonotus contains at least three clades (A, B, and C), and Clade B and C have species from the Inonotus linteus complex, which was transferred from Inonotus sensu stricto.[1][7] However, the Inonotus linteus complex is later divided into Sanghuangporus and Tropicoporus.[1] After the transfer from Inonotus sensu stricto to Inonotus linteus, and then to Tropicoporus, the fungus is currently named as Tropicoporus tropicalis.[1]

Description and characteristics

Tropicoporus tropicalis is a fungus with the growth characteristics of being appressed, short-downy, homogeneous, adherent, even margins, indistinct, and odourless.[8] It is also woolly and yellowish-orange colonies,[2] with annual fruiting bodies and dimitic hyphal system,[9] which refers to the appearance of two kinds of hyphae: generative (2.5 – 4 ɥm in diameter, thin-walled, simple-septate, and pale yellowish brown), and skeletal (3.5 – 4.5 ɥm in diameter, thick-walled, infrequently simple-septate, and dull yellowish brown).[3][7][8] Moreover, the fungus lacks setal hyphae and clamp connections in its hyphae, which is either thin or thick walled.[2][7] However, it has numerous reddish brown Hymenial setae that has a maximum length of 25 ɥm,[7][10] and has dull brown pores that becomes whiter near the margin.[8][10] The Basidiocarp of Tropicoporus tropicalis is annual, resupinate, and hyaline.[1][7] The abundant fungal spores are coloured yellowish to ochraceous, and shaped ovoid to broadly ellipsoid and smooth when mature.[10] Both the spores (7 - 9 per mm) and the basidiospores are small, with basidiospores having more than 3.5 um wide when it is ellipsoid, and are less than 3.5 um wide when it is sub-globose.[1][7]

Physiology

The fungus grows:

The mat diameter of the fungus depends on temperature, but the optimal growth temperature is around 36 °C, and the maximum temperature without growth (not killed) is 44 °C.[8] Even though all parts of the fungus could be darkened by 2% KOH, only the hyphae can be stained by phloxine, a reddish dye.[8] Furthermore, Tropicoporus tropicalis is also found to be highly resistant to caspofungin and posaconazole, two different anti-fungal compounds.[2]

Ecology and habitat

Tropicoporus tropicalis is a poroid wood-decaying basidiomycete[3][4] that is usually associated with white rot woody angiosperms,[2] grow on deciduous wood,[5] and have fruiting body on infected tree trunks and branches.[3] It is mainly found in the tropical zone[1] and humid climate,[5] such as Brazil; but is present in Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Jamaica, Guadeloupe, Costa Rica, Colombia, East Africa, and Malaya, Johore, and Mawaii Malaysia.[6]

Diseases

Tropicoporus tropicalis rarely causes diseases in animals and human.[2] However, it is an opportunistic pathogen that has the potential to induce allergic and invasive diseases in mammals.[2]

Animal

The fungus has been recorded to cause fungal pericardial effusion and myocarditis in a French bulldog, that was under immunosuppressive therapy (species was non-pigmented, and has indication of a hyalohyphomycosis infection);[4] and induced a granulomatous mediastinal mass in an immunocompromised Irish Wolfhound dog.[11]

Human

The first association of an invasive infection on human occurred on a patient with chronic granulomatous disease.[6][12] In addition, two similar chronic granulomatous disease cases of I. tropicalis infection were later found in immunodeficient children and adults that had caused osteomyelitis.[5]

References
  1. Zhou, Li-Wei; Vlasák, Josef; Decock, Cony; Assefa, Addisu; Stenlid, Jan; Abate, Dawit; Wu, Sheng-Hua; Dai, Yu-Cheng (26 April 2015). "Global diversity and taxonomy of the Inonotus linteus complex (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota): Sanghuangporus gen. nov., Tropicoporus excentrodendri and T. guanacastensis gen. et spp. nov., and 17 new combinations". Fungal Diversity. 77: 335–347. doi:10.1007/s13225-015-0335-8. S2CID 16031605.
  2. Chowdhary, A.; Kathuria, S.; Agarwal, K.; Meis, J. F. (8 September 2014). "Recognizing filamentous basidiomycetes as agents of human disease: A review". Medical Mycology. 52 (8): 782–797. doi:10.1093/mmy/myu047. PMID 25202126.
  3. De Simone, Daniele; D’Amico, Lorella; Bressanin, Daniela; Motta, Emma; Annesi, Tiziana (17 August 2010). "Molecular characterization of Inonotus rickii /Ptychogaster cubensis isolates from different geographic provenances". Mycological Progress. 10 (3): 301–306. doi:10.1007/s11557-010-0702-5. S2CID 32088978.
  4. Ribas, Thibault; Pipe-Martin, Hannah; Kim, Kenneth S.; Leissinger, Mary K.; Bauer, Rudy W.; Grasperge, Britton J.; Grooters, Amy M.; Sutton, Deanna A.; Pariaut, Romain (June 2015). "Fungal myocarditis and pericardial effusion secondary to Inonotus tropicalis (phylum Basidiomycota) in a dog". Journal of Veterinary Cardiology. 17 (2): 142–148. doi:10.1016/j.jvc.2015.01.004. PMID 26003903.
  5. Nguyen, D.K.; Davis, C.M.; Chinen, J.; Vallejo, J.G.; Noroski, L.M. (February 2009). "Basidiomycetous Inonotus (Phellinus) tropicalis Osteomyelitis in Pediatric and Adult X-linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 123 (2): S13. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.12.060.
  6. Sutton, D. A.; Thompson, E. H.; Rinaldi, M. G.; Iwen, P. C.; Nakasone, K. K.; Jung, H. S.; Rosenblatt, H. M.; Paul, M. E. (4 February 2005). "Identification and First Report of Inonotus (Phellinus) tropicalis as an Etiologic Agent in a Patient with Chronic Granulomatous Disease". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 43 (2): 982–987. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.2.982-987.2005. PMC 548074. PMID 15695724.
  7. Campos-Santana, Marisa De; Robledo, Gerardo; Decock, Cony; Silveira, Rosa Mara Borges Da (March 2015). "Diversity of the Poroid Hymenochaetaceae (Basidiomycota) from the Atlantic Forest and Pampa in Southern Brazil". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 36 (1): 43–78. doi:10.7872/crym.v36.iss1.2015.43. S2CID 85945170.
  8. Larsen, Michael J.; Lombard, Frances F. (January 1988). "Studies in the Genus Phellinus. I. The Identity of Phellinus rickii with Notes on Its Facultative Synonyms". Mycologia. 80 (1): 72. doi:10.2307/3807495. JSTOR 3807495.
  9. Wagner, T; Fischer, M (2002). "Proceedings towards a natural classification of the worldwide taxa Phellinus s.l. and Inonotus s.l., and phylogenetic relationships of allied genera". Mycologia. 94 (6): 998–1016. doi:10.2307/3761866. JSTOR 3761866. PMID 21156572.
  10. Gottlieb, Alexandra M.; Wright, Jorge E.; Moncalvo, Jean-Marc (August 2002). "Inonotus s. l. in Argentina — Morphology, cultural characters and molecular analyses". Mycological Progress. 1 (3): 299–313. doi:10.1007/s11557-006-0028-5. S2CID 32814231.
  11. Sheppard, B. J.; McGrath, E.; Giuffrida, M.; Craft, S. L. M.; Kung, C. Y.; Smith, M. E. (8 August 2013). "Report of wood decay fungus Inonotus tropicalis (phylum Basidiomycota) from a dog with a granulomatous mediastinal mass". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 25 (5): 566–572. doi:10.1177/1040638713499341. PMID 23929678.
  12. Davis, CM; Noroski, LM; Dishop, MK; Sutton, DA; Braverman, RM; Paul, ME; Rosenblatt, HM (July 2007). "Basidiomycetous fungal Inonotus tropicalis sacral osteomyelitis in X-linked chronic granulomatous disease". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 26 (7): 655–6. doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e3180616cd0. PMID 17596815.
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