Trypanocidal agent

Resistance

As of 2008, 17[4] or 18[5] African countries had confirmed resistant parasite populations, and as of 2011 that was up to 21.[5] Multiply resistant populations are an increasing problem in the Adamawa Region of Cameroon[6] and south east Mali.[7] The Gibe River Valley in southwest Ethiopia showed universal resistance (in T. congolense isolated from Boran cattle) between July 1989 and February 1993.[8] This likely indicates a permanent loss of function in this area for the tested trypanocides, diminazene aceturate, isometamidium chloride, and homidium chloride.[8]

See also

References
  1. Trypanocidal+Agents at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
  2. MeSH list of agents 82014344
  3. GOBLE, F. C. (January 1950). "Chemotherapy of experimental trypanosomiasis; trypanocidal activity of certain bis (2-methyl-4-amino-6-quinolyl) amides and ethers". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 98 (1): 49–61. PMID 15403620.
  4. Delespaux, Vincent; Geysen, Dirk; Van den Bossche, Peter; Geerts, Stanny (2008). "Molecular tools for the rapid detection of drug resistance in animal trypanosomes". Trends in Parasitology. Elsevier BV. 24 (5): 236–242. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2008.02.006. hdl:2263/8861. ISSN 1471-4922. PMID 18420457.
  5. Chitanga, Simbarashe; Marcotty, Tanguy; Namangala, Boniface; Van den Bossche, Peter; Van Den Abbeele, Jan; Delespaux, Vincent (2011-12-20). Keiser, Jennifer (ed.). "High Prevalence of Drug Resistance in Animal Trypanosomes without a History of Drug Exposure". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. Public Library of Science (PLoS). 5 (12): e1454. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001454. ISSN 1935-2735. PMC 3243716. PMID 22206039.
  6. Mamoudou, A.; Delespaux, V.; Chepnda, V.; Hachimou, Z.; Andrikaye, J.P.; Zoli, A.; Geerts, S. (2008). "Assessment of the occurrence of trypanocidal drug resistance in trypanosomes of naturally infected cattle in the Adamaoua region of Cameroon using the standard mouse test and molecular tools". Acta Tropica. Elsevier BV. 106 (2): 115–118. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.02.003. ISSN 0001-706X. PMID 18355771.
  7. Mungube, Erick O; Vitouley, Hervé S; Allegye-Cudjoe, Emmanuel; Diall, Oumar; Boucoum, Zakaria; Diarra, Boucader; Sanogo, Yousouf; Randolph, Thomas; Bauer, Burkhard; Zessin, Karl-Hans; Clausen, Peter-Henning (2012). "Detection of multiple drug-resistant Trypanosoma congolense populations in village cattle of south-east Mali". Parasites & Vectors. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 5 (1): 155. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-155. ISSN 1756-3305. PMC 3432589. PMID 22852796.
  8. Mulugeta, Wubet; Wilkes, Jon; Mulatu, Woudyalew; Majiwa, Phelix A.O; Masake, Rachael; Peregrine, Andrew S (1997). "Long-term occurrence of Trypanosoma congolense resistant to diminazene, isometamidium and homidium in cattle at Ghibe, Ethiopia". Acta Tropica. Elsevier BV. 64 (3–4): 205–217. doi:10.1016/s0001-706x(96)00645-6. ISSN 0001-706X. PMID 9107367. S2CID 23878484.


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