USS Curlew (1862)

In 1862, the stern-wheel steamer Florence was constructed at either Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania[1] or Elizabeth, Pennsylvania.[2] She had a tonnage of 196 tons,[3] a length of 159 feet (48 m), a beam of 32 feet 1 inch (9.78 m), and a draft of 4 feet (1.2 m). Her two engines and two boilers[2] allowed her to move at a speed of 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph).[1] On December 17, she was purchased by the Union Navy for military service in the American Civil War,[1] at a cost of $21,500 while the vessel was at Cincinnati, Ohio.[4] She was converted into a gunboat and renamed Curlew, after a type of bird.[1] Curlew was commissioned on February 16, 1863, with acting Master G. Hentig in command. She was initially armed with eight 24-pounder howitzers, but according to naval historian Paul Silverstone, was instead armed with six 32-pounders and one rifled 20-pounder at a later point during her service history.[2] Curlew became a tinclad,[5] a variant of the ironclad warship with only light metal armor,[6] and was assigned the identification number 12, to be painted on her pilothouse.[5]

Map showing the Tensas, Red, Ouachita, and Mississippi Rivers, all of which Curlew served on

On February 17, 1863, Curlew left Cairo, Illinois, to join the fleet of Admiral David Dixon Porter. She served on patrol duty on the Mississippi River,[1] and in May was reported to be serving on the White River, where she captured four Confederate soldiers.[7] On May 29, Curlew was reported to be under the command of acting Ensign R. A. Turner,[8] as Hentig had been arrested earlier that month.[9] On June 2, she took part in a minor action against Confederate forces on the shore of Arkansas in a Union Army-Navy joint expedition,[1] raiding what was believed to be the position of Confederate troops that had earlier fired on a Union transport.[10] Over the course of a little over a week in mid-July, she was part of a multi-vessel expedition led by Lieutenant Commander Thomas O. Selfridge Jr. that moved into the Red River of the South, Black River, Tensas River, and Ouachita River. The Union ships captured two steamers (one in a tributary of the Black River and the other in the Tensas), destroyed two others, and also destroyed a sawmill, a quantity of lumber, and Confederate supplies.[1][11] Turner was killed by a provost marshal in August and was replaced by acting Ensign H. B. O'Neill.[12]

From December 23 through January 14, 1864, Curlew saw service on the Ohio River and the Tennessee River, before going to Mound City, Illinois, to be repaired. Leaving Mound City on March 12, she took members of the United States Coast Survey to Grand Gulf, Mississippi.[1] On May 24, Curlew was engaged in an action with Pratt's Texas Battery on the Mississippi River off the coast of Arkansas. The Confederate artillerymen and the Union gunboat dueled for about 20 to 35 minutes, with Curlew taking several hits and firing 28 shots. Curlew signaled with her ship's whistle for the nearby timberclad USS Tyler to come to her aid, but the Confederate artillery left before Tyler arrived.[13] No sailors on Curlew were injured during the fighting.[14]

On May 31, Curlew returned to Mound City before again going on the Mississippi on June 30. Patrolling between Natchez, Mississippi, and Vicksburg, Mississippi, she sometimes skirmished with Confederate land forces. She then moved upriver on October 24 to again serve on the Ohio and the Tennessee.[1] On November 4, Curlew was part of a group of six steamers that came to the aid of the gunboats USS Key West, USS Tawah, and USS Elfin who were heavily engaged with Confederate artillery on shore during the Battle of Johnsonville. The narrowness of the Tennessee River at that location and Confederate shore fire prevented Curlew and the other five would-be relief ships from rescuing Key West, Tawah, and Elfin, and the latter three were destroyed.[15] From February 1865 to mid-June of that year, Curlew was tasked with making surveys of the river near Cairo and Mound City.[1] A military return dated March 1 indicated that Curlew was assigned to the Ninth District of the Mississippi River Squadron, was armed with eight cannons, and was commanded by acting Master M. Hickey,[16] while another dated April 1 listed her as being assigned to special duty, still under the command of Hickey.[17] She was decommissioned on July 5[2] and sold at an auction on August 17 for $7,600.[4] Her further career is unknown.[2]

• Civil War Naval Chronology, 1861–1865. Washington, D.C.: Naval History Division. 1971.
• Konstam, Angus (2013). Mississippi River Gunboats of the American Civil War 1861–1865. Osprey. ISBN 9781472800954.
• Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, Series 1. Vol. 24. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1911.
• Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, Series 1. Vol. 25. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1912.
• Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, Series 1. Vol. 26. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1914.
• Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, Series 1. Vol. 27. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1917.
• Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, Series 2. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1921.
• Palucka, Tim (2017). "Timberclads, Tinclads, and Cottonclads in the US Civil War". MRS Bulletin. 42 (1): 73. Bibcode:2017MRSBu..42...73P. doi:10.1557/mrs.2016.317. ISSN 1938-1425.
• Silverstone, Paul H. (1989). Warships of the Civil War Navies. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-783-6.
• Smith, Myron J. (2021). After Vicksburg: The Civil War on Western Waters, 1863–1865. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-1-4766-4370-0.