Okinawan Japanese

Okinawan Japanese
Okinawan Japanese
Native to	Japan
Region	Okinawa Islands
Native speakers	(undated figure of 1,000,000+)
Language family	Japonic Japanese Eastern Japanese Kantō Western Tokyo Okinawan Japanese; ; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
IETF	ja-u-sd-jp47

Okinawan Japanese (ウチナーヤマトゥグチ, 沖縄大和口, Uchinaa Yamatu-guchi) is the Japanese language as spoken by the people of Okinawa Islands. Okinawan Japanese's accents and words are influenced by the traditional Okinawan and Kunigami languages. Okinawan Japanese has some loanwords from American English due to the United States administration after the Battle of Okinawa. Okinawan Japanese is a Japanese dialect (方言),[1] unlike the Northern Ryukyuan Okinawan and Kunigami languages (which are, nevertheless, also officially considered as "Japanese" dialects in Japan).

An example of Okinawan Japanese Koohii shaapu, from English "coffee shop", instead of Koohii shoppu in standard Japanese.

History

The Ryukyuan languages were once widely spoken throughout the Ryukyu Islands, but saw a decline in speakers as a result of assimilation policies during much of pre-WW2 Japan. This event caused the Ryukyuan people to experience a language shift towards Japanese.[2] In the Okinawa Islands specifically, many learners of Japanese spoke it with a substrate from the Okinawan languages, causing a distinct variety of Standard Japanese to form, known as Okinawan Japanese.[3]

Differences from Standard Japanese

Okinawan Japanese shares about 70% of its lexicon with Standard Japanese.[4] There are a number of aspects of Okinawan Japanese that are borrowed from Standard Japanese, but have different uses or meanings. For example, a number of verb inflections and words indicating aspect and mood are the same in Standard Japanese and Okinawan Japanese, but have different uses in both. Hazu means "due, scheduled, or supposed to occur", which indicates a high degree of probability in Standard Japanese. Yet in Okinawan Japanese it indicates a much lower degree of probability, more like "probably" or "may occur".[5] In Standard Japanese, the auxiliaries mashou, you, and ou are combined with the particle ne after a verb and used to make a suggestion. An example is ikimashou ne (Let's go). In Okinawan Japanese, this would express a speaker's will. It would mean "I will go" instead.[6]

Particles and demonstratives are another aspect of Okinawan Japanese grammar that differ from Japanese. The particle kara which means "from" or "since" in Japanese, means "as" or "because" in Okinawan Japanese. So, kara is used in Okinawan Japanese where wo or de is used in Japanese.[7]

Some words have different meanings in Standard Japanese. For example, aruku means "go around" or "work" in Okinawan Japanese, but means "walk" in Standard. Korosu means "hit" in Okinawan Japanese and "kill" in Standard.[8]

Many Okinawan youth use words borrowed from Japanese slang, such as mecchaa (very) and dasadasa (country bumpkin).[9]

English borrowings

Okinawan Japanese contains some English loan words. Examples are paaraa (parlor), biichii paatii (beach party), and takoraisu (taco rice). One word combines the English word 'rich' with the Okinawan suffix -aa to create ricchaa (a rich person).[10]

References

Heinrich, Patrick (2004). "Language Planning and Language Ideology in the Ryūkyū Islands". Language Policy. 3 (2): 153–179. doi:10.1023/B:LPOL.0000036192.53709.fc. ISSN 1568-4555. S2CID 144605968.
"Assimilation Practices in Okinawa". www.uchinanchu.org. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
Anderson, Mark (January 2019). "Studies of Ryukyu-substrate Japanese". Routledge Handbook of Japanese Sociolinguistics.
Heinrich, Patrick (2022-01-21), "Language communities of the Northern Ryukyus: Okinawan, Amami, and Kunigami", Language Communities in Japan, Oxford University Press, pp. 43–50, doi:10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0004, hdl:10278/3741706, ISBN 978-0-19-885661-0, retrieved 2022-12-01
Ōsumi 2001, p. 83.
Ōsumi 2001, p. 84.
Ōsumi 2001, p. 86.
Ōsumi 2001, p. 87.
Ōsumi 2001, p. 90.
Ōsumi 2001, p. 89.

Bibliography

Ōsumi, Midori (2001). "Language and identity in Okinawa today". In Mary Noguchi; Sandra Fotos (eds.). Studies in Japanese Bilingualism. Multilingual Matters Ltd. pp. 68–97. ISBN 978-1853594892.
Gibo, Lucille (2013). Language Contact and Brazil-Okinawan Colonia. Immigration Studies (Thesis) (in Japanese). Vol. 9. University of the Ryukyus. pp. 19–40. hdl:20.500.12000/29154.
Heinrich, Patrick. 2004. "Language Planning and Language Ideology in the Ryukyu Islands." In Language Policy 3 (2): 153-179. DOI:10.1023/B:LPOL.0000036192.53709.fc ISSN:1568-4555
Heinrich, Patrick. "Language Communities of the Northern Ryukyus: Okinawan, Amami, and Kunigami." in Language Communities in Japan, edited by John C. Maher, 43-50. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0004