Union der Bergarbeiter

Union der Bergarbeiter in der CSR ('Union of Miners in the Czechoslovak Republic'), initially known as Union der Bergarbeiter Österreichs ('Union of Miners of Austria'), was a miners trade union of miners in Austria and the First Czechoslovak Republic 1903–1938. Initially a multi-ethnic union in Habsburg Austria (Cisleithania), it was divided along ethnic lines in 1910. After the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic, it became a union for miners of German ethnicity.

Founding

The union was founded in Turn in 1903.[1][2] The establishment of the union was preceded by two years of mobilizations to build a new national miners union.[3] District assemblies electing delegates for the founding congress were held in Falkenau, Kladno, Mährisch-Ostrau, Nürschan, Schatzlar and the Alpine district.[3] In May 1903 these delegates joined the representatives of the Turn union and smaller unions for deliberations in Turn.[3] The debates lasted for 15 hours, after which a constitution for the Union der Bergarbeiter Österreichs was adopted.[3] In its founding year, the union claimed to have 5,997 members.[4] The union had its headquarters in Turn-Teplice.[5] The union leadership at Turn consisted of a seven-member executive committee, led by its chairman.[3] The membership dues were 30 heller per week.[3]

At a conference in Leoben on June 28, 1903 the mine workers union of the Austrian Alpine counties (Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Upper and Lower Austria, Salzburg and Istria) voted to join the Union der Bergarbeiter, bringing some 1,600 members to the fold.[3] By March 1, 1904 the union claimed 9,256 members, distributed geographically and ethnically along the following lines;

District Czechs Germans Slovenians Poles Italians
Komotau, Brüx and Teplice 631 429
Falkenau and Elbogen 69 811
Pilsen and Mies 1,036 398
Brünn (Rossitz) 225
Styria, Lower and Upper Austria, Tyrol,
Salzburg, Carinthia, Carniola, Istria and Dalmatia		 19 1,159 1,467 471
Prague (Kladno) and Slaný 147
Mährisch-Ostrau and Galicia 1,142 2 1,144
Kuttenberg 106
Total 3,269 2,905 1,467 1,144 471

[3]

By September 1904 the union membership had increased to 11,531; 3,622 in Bohemia, 2,252 in Silesia, 1,114 in Moravia, 2,967 in Styria, 45 in Upper Austria, 79 in Lower Austria, 60 in Salzburg, 38 in Tyrol, 155 in Carniola, 125 in Carinthia, 659 in Istria and 414 in Galicia.[4][3]

Growth and 1910 split

By 1905 the union membership had increased to 17,749, in 1906 to 27,989, in 1907 to 30,715 and by 1908 the membership had reached 32,613.[4] By this point the union had over 20% of all mine workers in Austria as its members.[4] The union had local branches in mining districts across the country.[6] The union was affiliated to the Imperial Trade Union Commission and the Miners' International Federation.[7][8]

From the onset the organization had opposed any sort of ethnic subdivisions within the union movement.[9] However the union was badly affected by the Czech/German split in the trade union movement, as a separate Union of Czech Miners was founded in October 1910.[7] The Union der Bergarbeiter lost more than half of its membership during this crisis.[4] In particular, it lost influence in Ostrau.[10]

In the Czechoslovak Republic

The name 'Union der Bergarbeiter in der CSR' was adopted after the establishment of Czechoslovakia.[1] The branches of the union in areas that remained in Austria formed a separate union, the Verband der Bergarbeiter Deutschösterreichs ('Union of Miners of German Austria'), in 1920.[1] Union der Bergarbeiter in der CSR was affiliated to the Central Commission of German Trade Unions in the Czechoslovak Republic.[11] Politically it was linked to the German Social Democratic Workers Party in the Czechoslovak Republic.[12] By 1920 the Union der Bergarbeiter in der CSR had some 46,000 members.[13] But with the emerging economic crisis and the neglect of the mining industry by the Prague government, the membership of the union declined.[13] By 1921 it had dropped to 37,582, in 1925 the union had 16,261 members and by 1936 just 14,057.[13] In 1928, Union der Bergarbeiter won 308 out of a total of 1,305 seats in mine workers councils across Czechoslovakia. The union was the largest miners union in North Bohemia (where is won 178 out of 451 council seats) and Falkenov (where it won 95 out of 126 seats).[14]

Leadership

Anton Jarolim served as the chairman of the union from 1906 until his death in 1933.[4][15] Josef Zinner took over as chairman of the union after Jarolim's death.[13][16] Peter Cingr served as deputy chairman and secretary from the foundation of the union.[17] Emil Haase was the general secretary of the union during the Czechoslovakia period.[18] The 9th congress of the union ('XI. Unionstag'), held in Brüx June 19-21, 1937 elected the following leadership: Zinner (Falkenau) as chairman, Josef Zwonar from Schönfeld and Franz Schaffarsch from Weißkirchlitz as deputy chairmen, Haase from Turn as Central Secretary, and Johann Kloiber, Karl Wildner, Hermann Lehnert, Richard Wirkner, Franz Demel Johann Sippl, Wenzel Lutz, Josef Lischka and Josef Hübner as the remaining members of the executive.[13]

Press organs

The union published the weekly newspaper Glück Auf in German language.[19][20] Karl Schmidt served as the editor of Glück Auf between 1919 and 1938.[21] The Czech-language newspaper Na zdar! was the Czech language organ of the union.[9][22] It later became the organ of the Czech Miners Union.[22] Górnik ('Miner') was the Polish language organ of the union.[23] It was initially published from Cieszyn, and later from Mährisch-Ostrau.[23] The Slovenian language organ was Rudar, issued from Trifail.[24]

References
  1. Zentralbibliothek der Gewerkschaften (1963). Protokolle und Berichte der Zentralbibliothek der Gewerkschaften: ein chronologisch gegliederter Bestandskatalog der Protokolle und Berichte der Arbeiter- und Gewerkschaftsorganisationen aus der Zeit vor 1945. Die Zentralbibliothek. pp. 51, 66.
  2. Fritz Klemmer; Gewerkschaft Metall-Bergbau-Energie (1980). Neunzig Jahre Kampf. Österreichischer Gewerkschaftsbund, Gewerkschaft Metall-Bergbau- Energie. p. 203.
  3. United States Congressional Serial Set. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1905. p. 79, 82, 84.
  4. Otto Hue (1913). Die Bergarbeiter: historische Darstellung der Bergarbeiter-Verhältnisse von der ältesten bis in die neueste Zeit. J.H.W. Dietz Nachf. p. 618.
  5. International Federation of Trade Unions (1926). Year Book. p. 352.
  6. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Division of Economics and History (1927). Economic and Social History of the World War. Austro-Hungarian Series. Yale University Press; [etc., etc.] for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: Division of Economics and History. p. 200.
  7. McDermott, Kevin. The Czech Red Unions, 1918–1929: A Study of Their Relations with the Communist Party and the Moscow Internationals. East European monographs, no. 239. Boulder: East European Monographs, 1988. p. 11
  8. Reichs-Arbeitsblatt: Sonderheft. Carl Heymanns Verlag. 1914. p. 106.
  9. Sobótka: śla̜ski kwartalnik historyczny. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. 1955. p. 52.
  10. Śląski kwartalnik historyczny Sobótka. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. 1960. p. 86.
  11. International Labour Directory. 1922. p. 774.
  12. Independent historiography in Czechoslovakia. 1985. p. 177.
  13. Friedrich G. Kürbisch; Seliger-Archiv (1982). Chronik der sudetendeutschen Sozialdemokratie, 1863-1938. Die Brücke. p. 78, 126.
  14. Dubský, Vladimír (1984). Závodní výbory a rady v předmnichovském Československu. Práce. p. 271, 274.
  15. Mads Ole Balling (1991). Von Reval bis Bukarest: Einleitung, Systematik, Quellen und Methoden, Estland, Lettland, Litauen, Polen, Tschechoslowakei. Dokumentation Verlag. p. 382. ISBN 978-87-983829-3-5.
  16. Jürgen Tampke (10 December 2002). Czech-German Relations and the Politics of Central Europe: From Bohemia to the EU. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-230-50562-9.
  17. Institut für Neuzeit- und Zeitgeschichtsforschung, Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon ab 1815. Cingr, Petr (Peter, Piotr); Ps. Hudlický (1850–1920), Politiker und Gewerkschafter
  18. Werner Röder; Herbert A. Strauss (19 December 2016). Biographisches Handbuch der deutschsprachigen Emigration nach 1933–1945. De Gruyter. p. 259. ISBN 978-3-11-096854-5.
  19. International Labour Directory. The Office. 1925. p. 35.
  20. Alfred Eberlein (1969). Die Presse der Arbeiterklasse und der sozialen Bewegungen: L-R. Akademie-Verlag. p. 659.
  21. Friedrich G. Kürbisch; Seliger-Archiv (1982). Chronik der sudetendeutschen Sozialdemokratie, 1863-1938. Die Brücke. p. 120.
  22. Jaromír Kubíček (1982). Český politický tisk na Moravě a ve Slezsku v letech 1918-1938. Blok. p. 62.
  23. Stanisław Kalabaliński; Centralna Rada Związków Zawodowych w Polsce. Biuro Historyczne (1974). Ruch zawodowy w Polsce: zarys dziejów. Instytut Wydawniczy CRZZ. p. 219.
  24. Kongress der Gewerkschaften Oesterreichs (1913). Bericht der Reichskommission der Gewerkschaften Oesterreichs: an den Siebenten ordentlichen Kongress der gewerkschaften Oesterreichs und Beiträge zur Geschichte der österreichischen Gewerkschaftsbewegung vom Jahre 1890 bis zum Jahre 1912 : Protokoll des Siebenten ordentlichen Kongresses der gewerkschaften Oesterreichsabgehalten vom 6. bis zum 10 Oktober 1913 in Wien. A. Hueber. p. 42.
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