1840 United States census
The 1840 United States census was the sixth census of the United States. Conducted by U.S. marshals on June 1, 1840, it determined the resident population of the United States to be 17,069,453 – an increase of 32.7 percent over the 12,866,020 persons enumerated during the 1830 census. The total population included 2,487,355 slaves. In 1840, the center of population was about 260 miles (418 km) west of Washington, near Weston, Virginia (now in West Virginia).
| 1840 United States census | ||
|---|---|---|
| ||
 Seal of the United States Marshals Service, which administered the census | ||
| General information | ||
| Country | United States | |
| Authority | Office of the United States Marshal | |
| Results | ||
| Total population | 17,069,453 ( 32.7%) | |
| Most populous | New York 2,428,921 | |
| Least populous | Delaware 78,085 | |
This was the first census in which:
- A state recorded a population of over two million (New York)
- A city recorded a population of over 300,000 (New York)
- Multiple cities recorded populations of over 100,000 (New York, Baltimore, and New Orleans)
It was also the last census conducted by U.S. marshals, as starting in 1850 a temporary office would be set up for each census under the purview of the Department of the Interior.
Controversy over statistics for mental illness among Northern blacks
The 1840 census was the first that attempted to count Americans who were "insane" or "idiotic". Published results of the census indicated that alarming numbers of black persons living in non-slaveholding States were mentally ill, in striking contrast to the corresponding figures for slaveholding States.
Pro-slavery advocates trumpeted the results as evidence of the beneficial effects of slavery, and the probable consequences of emancipation.[1] Anti-slavery advocates contended, on the contrary, that the published returns were riddled with errors, as detailed in an 1844 report by Edward Jarvis of Massachusetts in the American Journal of the Medical Sciences, later published separately as a pamphlet,[1][2] and in a memorial from the American Statistical Association to Congress, praying that measures be taken to correct the errors.[3]
The memorial was submitted to the House of Representatives by John Quincy Adams, who contended that it demonstrated "a multitude of gross and important errors" in the published returns.[4] In response to the House's request for an inquiry, Secretary of State John C. Calhoun reported that a careful examination of the statistics by the supervisor of the census had fully sustained their correctness.[5][6] The returns were not revised.[7]
Census questions
The 1840 census asked these questions:[8]
- Name of head of family
- Address
- Number of free white males and females
- in five-year age groups to age 20
- in 10-year age groups from 20 to 100
- 100 years and older
- number of slaves and free colored persons in six age groups
- number of deaf and dumb, by race
- number of blind, by race
- number of insane and idiotic in public or private charge, by race
- number of persons in each family employed in seven classes of occupation
- number of schools and number of scholars
- number of white persons over 20 who could not read and write
- number of pensioners for Revolutionary or military service
Data availability
No microdata from the 1840 population census are available, but aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System. A compendium of data from the sixth census, organized by States, counties, and principal towns is available on the web site of the Census Bureau.
State rankings
| Rank | State | Population |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | New York | 2,428,921 |
| 2 | Pennsylvania | 1,724,033 |
| 3 | Ohio | 1,519,467 |
| 4 | Virginia [9] | 1,239,792 |
| 5 | Tennessee | 829,210 |
| 6 | Kentucky | 779,828 |
| 7 | North Carolina | 753,419 |
| 8 | Massachusetts | 737,699 |
| 9 | Georgia | 691,392 |
| 10 | Indiana | 685,866 |
| 11 | South Carolina | 594,398 |
| 12 | Alabama | 590,756 |
| 13 | Maine | 501,793 |
| 14 | Illinois | 476,183 |
| 15 | Maryland | 470,019 |
| 16 | Missouri | 383,702 |
| 17 | Mississippi | 375,651 |
| 18 | New Jersey | 373,306 |
| 19 | Louisiana | 352,411 |
| 20 | Connecticut | 309,978 |
| 21 | Vermont | 291,948 |
| 22 | New Hampshire | 284,574 |
| X | West Virginia [10] | 224,537 |
| 23 | Michigan | 212,267 |
| 24 | Rhode Island | 108,830 |
| 25 | Arkansas | 97,574 |
| 26 | Delaware | 78,085 |
| X | Florida | 54,477 |
| X | Iowa | 43,112 |
| X | District of Columbia [11] | 33,745 |
| X | Wisconsin | 30,945 |
City rankings
References
- Leon F. Litwack (1958), "The Federal Government and the Free Negro, 1790–1860", Journal of Negro History, 43 (4): 261–78, 263–68, doi:10.2307/2716144, JSTOR 2716144, S2CID 150261737, and sources there cited.
- Edward Jarvis (1844). Insanity Among the Coloured Population of the Free States. Philadelphia: T.K. & P.G. Collins, Printers. Retrieved May 31, 2013.
- Edward Jarvis; William Brigham; J. Wingate Thornton (1844). Memorial of the American Statistical Association Praying the Adoption of Measures for the Correction of Errors in the Returns of the Sixth Census. Public Documents Printed by Order of the Senate of the United States, Second Session of the Twenty-Eighth Congress. Vol. I. Retrieved May 31, 2013.
- John Quincy Adams (1877). Charles Francis Adams (ed.). Memoirs of John Quincy Adams: comprising portions of his diary from 1795 to 1848. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. pp. 27–28, 61, 119–20. Retrieved May 31, 2013.
- Litwack (1958), 267
- John Caldwell Calhoun; South Carolina General Assembly (1859). Richard K. Crallé (ed.). The Works of John C. Calhoun: Reports and Public Letters. Vol. V. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. 458. Retrieved May 31, 2013. Calhoun engaged William A. Weaver, the superintendent of the 1840 census, to review the figures and check them against related data from the 1830 census. Ibid. Weaver reported that he had examined "each specification of error" and concluded that the memorialists had themselves erred in their claims. While there doubtless had been minor errors, he said, there had been no glaring methodological mistakes as charged. See William Edwin Hemphill, ed., The Papers of John C. Calhoun: 1845, Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1993, vol. 21, p. 156.
- Litwack (1958), 268
- "Library Bibliography Bulletin 88, New York State Census Records, 1790-1925". New York State Library. 1981. Several pages on U.S. federal web sites incorrectly assert that the 1840 census questionnaire closely followed that from the 1830 census, which did not include questions concerning mental illness.
- Includes population in the future state of West Virginia
- Between 1790 and 1860, the state of West Virginia was part of Virginia; the data for this state reflects the present-day boundary.
- The District of Columbia is not a state but was created with the passage of the Residence Act of 1790. The territory that formed that federal capital was originally donated by both Maryland and Virginia; however, the Virginia portion was returned by Congress in 1846.
- Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990, U.S. Census Bureau, 1998
- "Regions and Divisions". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 3, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
- Is in present day West Virginia
External links
- "1840 census: False count on insanity showed slavery was good for Blacks" by Peter Whoriskey, The Washington Post, October 17 2020
- Compendium of the Enumeration of the Inhabitants and Statistics of the United States . . . from the Returns of the Sixth Census .... (Washington, D.C., 1841)
- Overview of the 1840 Census on www.census.gov.
- 1840 U.S. Federal Census - Online Records and Indexes on www.cyndislist.com (21 Links) Includes links to sites with any or all of the following: digitized images, indexes, transcriptions, extractions, abstracts, and partial or whole copies of census materials.