1844–45 United States House of Representatives elections
The 1844–45 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between July 1, 1844 and November 4, 1845. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives. 224 elected members representing 27 states took their seats when the first session of the 29th United States Congress convened on December 1, 1845. The new state of Florida elected its first representative during this election cycle, while one vacancy in New Hampshire's delegation remained unfilled for the duration of the 29th Congress.
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All 228[lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3] seats in the United States House of Representatives 115 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Results: Democratic hold Democratic gain Whig hold Whig gain Know Nothing gain | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The House elections spanned the 1844 presidential election, won by dark horse Democratic candidate James K. Polk, who advocated territorial expansion.
Democrats lost six seats but retained a large majority over the rival Whigs. The new American Party, based on the nativist "Know Nothing" movement characterized by opposition to immigration and anti-Catholicism, gained six seats.
Election summaries
One seat was added for the new State of Florida.[3] Texas and Iowa were admitted during this next Congress, but their initial elections were held in 1846.
| 142 | 6 | 79 |
| Democratic | [lower-alpha 5] | Whig |
| State | Type | Date | Total seats |
Democratic | Know Nothing | Whig | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seats | Change | Seats | Change | Seats | Change | ||||
| Louisiana | District | July 1–3, 1844 | 4 | 3 |  1 |
0 |  |
1 |  1 |
| Illinois | District | August 5, 1844 | 7 | 6 | |
0 | |
1 | |
| Missouri | At-large | August 5, 1844 | 5 | 5 | |
0 | |
0 | |
| Georgia | District[lower-alpha 6] | August 7, 1844 | 8 | 4 | 4 |
0 | |
4 | 4 |
| Vermont | District | September 3, 1844 | 4 | 1 | |
0 | |
3 | |
| Maine | District | September 9, 1844 | 7 | 6 | 1 |
0 | |
1 | 1 |
| Arkansas | At-large | October 8, 1844 | 1 | 1 | |
0 | |
0 | |
| Ohio | District | October 8, 1844 | 21 | 13 | 1 |
0 | |
8 | 1 |
| Pennsylvania | District | October 8, 1844 | 24 | 12 | |
2 | 2 |
10 | 2 |
| New Jersey | District | October 9, 1844 | 5 | 1 | 3 |
0 | |
4 | 3 |
| South Carolina | District | October 14–15, 1844 | 7 | 7 | |
0 | |
0 | |
| Michigan | District | November 5, 1844 | 3 | 3 | |
0 | |
0 | |
| Massachusetts | District | November 11, 1844 | 10 | 0 | 2 |
0 | |
10 | 2 |
| New York | District | November 11, 1844 | 34 | 21 | 3 |
4 | 4 |
9 | 1 |
| Delaware | At-large | November 12, 1844 | 1 | 0 | |
0 | |
1 | |
| Late electionsfter the March 4, 1845 beginning of term | |||||||||
| New Hampshire | At-large | March 11, 1845 | 4[lower-alpha 3] | 3 | 1 |
0 | |
0 | |
| Rhode Island | District | April 2, 1845 | 2 | 0 | |
0 | |
2 | 2[lower-alpha 7] |
| Connecticut | District | April 7, 1845 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
0 | |
4 | 4 |
| Virginia | District | April 24, 1845 | 15 | 14 | 2 |
0 | |
1 | 2 |
| Florida[lower-alpha 8] | At-large | May 26, 1845 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
0 | |
0 | |
| Alabama | District | August 4, 1845 | 7 | 6 | |
0 | |
1 | |
| Indiana | District | August 4, 1845 | 10 | 8 | |
0 | |
2 | |
| Kentucky | District | August 4, 1845 | 10 | 3 | 1 |
0 | |
7 | 2 |
| North Carolina | District | August 7, 1845 | 9 | 6 | 1 |
0 | |
3 | 1 |
| Tennessee | District | August 7, 1845 | 11 | 6 | |
0 | |
5 | |
| Maryland | District | October 1, 1845 | 6 | 4 | 4 |
0 | |
2 | 4 |
| Mississippi | At-large | November 3–4, 1845 | 4 | 4 | |
0 | |
0 | |
| Total | 224[lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3] | 142 62.6% |
6 |
6 2.6% |
6 |
79 34.8% |
6 | ||
Special elections
Alabama
Elections were held August 4, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Alabama 1 | |||||
| Alabama 2 | |||||
| Alabama 3 | |||||
| Alabama 4 | |||||
| Alabama 5 | |||||
| Alabama 6 | |||||
| Alabama 7 | |||||
Arkansas
The election was held October 8, 1844.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Arkansas at-large | Edward Cross | Democratic | 1838 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
Connecticut
Elections were held April 7, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Connecticut 1 | |||||
| Connecticut 2 | |||||
| Connecticut 3 | |||||
| Connecticut 4 | |||||
Delaware
The election was held November 12, 1844.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Delaware at-large | |||||
Florida
The election was held May 26, 1845.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Florida at-large | None (New state) | New seat. New member elected late on May 26, 1845. Democratic gain. Winner did not serve, having also been elected U.S. senator. |
| ||
Georgia
Elections were held August 7, 1844.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Georgia 1 | |||||
| Georgia 2 | |||||
| Georgia 3 | Absalom H. Chappell Redistricted from the at-large district |
Democratic | 1842 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Whig gain. |
|
| Georgia 4 | Hugh A. Haralson Redistricted from the at-large district |
Democratic | 1842 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Georgia 5 | John H. Lumpkin Redistricted from the at-large district |
Democratic | 1842 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| William H. Stiles Redistricted from the at-large district |
Democratic | 1842 | Incumbent retired. Democratic loss. | ||
| Georgia 6 | Howell Cobb Redistricted from the at-large district |
Democratic | 1842 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Georgia 7 | Alexander H. Stephens Redistricted from the at-large district |
Whig | 1843 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Georgia 8 | Edward J. Black Redistricted from the at-large district |
Democratic | 1838 1840 (lost) 1841 (special) |
Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Whig gain. |
|
Illinois
Elections were held August 5, 1844.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Illinois 1 | |||||
| Illinois 2 | |||||
| Illinois 3 | |||||
| Illinois 4 | |||||
| Illinois 5 | |||||
| Illinois 6 | |||||
| Illinois 7 | |||||
Indiana
Elections were held August 4, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Indiana 1 | |||||
| Indiana 2 | |||||
| Indiana 3 | |||||
| Indiana 4 | |||||
| Indiana 5 | |||||
| Indiana 6 | |||||
| Indiana 7 | |||||
| Indiana 8 | |||||
| Indiana 9 | |||||
| Indiana 10 | |||||
Iowa Territory
See Non-voting delegates, below.
Kentucky
Elections were held August 4, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Kentucky 1 | |||||
| Kentucky 2 | |||||
| Kentucky 3 | |||||
| Kentucky 4 | |||||
| Kentucky 5 | |||||
| Kentucky 6 | |||||
| Kentucky 7 | |||||
| Kentucky 8 | |||||
| Kentucky 9 | |||||
| Kentucky 10 | |||||
Louisiana
Elections were held July 1–3, 1844.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Louisiana 1 | |||||
| Louisiana 2 | |||||
| Louisiana 3 | |||||
| Louisiana 4 | |||||
Maine
Elections were held September 9, 1844.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Maine 1 | |||||
| Maine 2 | |||||
| Maine 3 | |||||
| Maine 4 | |||||
| Maine 5 | |||||
| Maine 6 | |||||
| Maine 7 | |||||
Maryland
Late elections to the 28th Congress
Maryland elected its members to the 28th Congress on February 14, 1844, after that Congress had already convened in 1843 and long after the 1842–1843 election cycle.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Maryland 1 | Isaac D. Jones | Whig | 1841 | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. New member elected. Whig hold. |
|
| Maryland 2 | |||||
| Maryland 3 | |||||
| Maryland 4 | |||||
| Maryland 5 | |||||
| Maryland 6 | |||||
Regular elections to the 29th Congress
Maryland's October 1, 1845 elections were after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the new term, but still before the Congress convened in December 1845.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Maryland 1 | John Causin | Whig | 1844 | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. New member elected. Whig hold. |
|
| Maryland 2 | |||||
| Maryland 3 | |||||
| Maryland 4 | |||||
| Maryland 5 | |||||
| Maryland 6 | |||||
Massachusetts
Elections were held November 11, 1844. At least one district, however, had multiple ballots stretching into 1846.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Massachusetts 1 | |||||
| Massachusetts 2 | |||||
| Massachusetts 3 | |||||
| Massachusetts 4 | William Parmenter | Democratic | 1836 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected on the second ballot. Whig gain. |
First ballot (November 11, 1844):
Second ballot (December 23, 1844):
|
| Massachusetts 5 | |||||
| Massachusetts 6 | |||||
| Massachusetts 7 | Julius Rockwell | Whig | 1844 (late) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Massachusetts 8 | John Quincy Adams | Whig | 1830 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Massachusetts 9 | Henry Williams | Democratic | 1836 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected on the ninth ballot. Whig gain. |
First ballot (November 11, 1844):
|
| Massachusetts 10 | |||||
Michigan
Elections were held November 5, 1844.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Michigan 1 | Robert McClelland | Democratic | 1843 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Michigan 2 | Lucius Lyon | Democratic | 1843 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
| Michigan 3 | James B. Hunt | Democratic | 1843 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Mississippi
Elections were held November 3–4, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Mississippi at-large (4 seats) |
Jacob Thompson | Democratic | 1839 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| William H. Hammett | Democratic | 1843 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold. | ||
| Robert W. Roberts | Democratic | 1843 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| Tilghman Tucker | Democratic | 1843 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold. | ||
Missouri
Elections were held at-large on a general ticket August 5, 1844.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Missouri at-large 5 seats |
(Elected on a general ticket)
| ||||
New Hampshire
Elections were held at-large on a general ticket March 11, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| New Hampshire at-large 4 seats |
Edmund Burke | Democratic | 1839 | Incumbent retired. New member (Moulton) elected. Democratic hold. |
(Elected on a general ticket) First ballot (March 11, 1845):
Second ballot (August 23, 1845):
Third ballot (November 29, 1845):
Fourth ballot (March 10, 1846):
|
| John Randall Reding | Democratic | 1841 | Incumbent retired. New member (Johnson) elected. Democratic hold. | ||
| Moses Norris Jr. | Democratic | 1843 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| John P. Hale | Democratic | 1843 | No candidate elected on the fourth ballot; seat vacant. Democratic loss. | ||
New Jersey
Elections were held October 9, 1844.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| New Jersey 1 | |||||
| New Jersey 2 | |||||
| New Jersey 3 | |||||
| New Jersey 4 | |||||
| New Jersey 5 | |||||
New York
Elections were held November 11, 1844.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| New York 1 | |||||
| New York 2 | |||||
| New York 3 | |||||
| New York 4 | |||||
| New York 5 | |||||
| New York 6 | |||||
| New York 7 | |||||
| New York 8 | |||||
| New York 9 | |||||
| New York 10 | |||||
| New York 11 | |||||
| New York 12 | |||||
| New York 13 | |||||
| New York 14 | |||||
| New York 15 | |||||
| New York 16 | |||||
| New York 17 | |||||
| New York 18 | |||||
| New York 19 | |||||
| New York 20 | |||||
| New York 21 | |||||
| New York 22 | |||||
| New York 23 | |||||
| New York 24 | |||||
| New York 25 | |||||
| New York 26 | |||||
| New York 27 | |||||
| New York 28 | |||||
| New York 29 | |||||
| New York 30 | |||||
| New York 31 | |||||
| New York 32 | |||||
| New York 33 | |||||
| New York 34 | |||||
North Carolina
Elections were held August 7, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| North Carolina 1 | |||||
| North Carolina 2 | |||||
| North Carolina 3 | |||||
| North Carolina 4 | |||||
| North Carolina 5 | |||||
| North Carolina 6 | |||||
| North Carolina 7 | |||||
| North Carolina 8 | |||||
| North Carolina 9 | |||||
Ohio
Elections were held October 8, 1844.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Ohio 1 | |||||
| Ohio 2 | |||||
| Ohio 3 | |||||
| Ohio 4 | |||||
| Ohio 5 | |||||
| Ohio 6 | |||||
| Ohio 7 | |||||
| Ohio 8 | |||||
| Ohio 9 | |||||
| Ohio 10 | |||||
| Ohio 11 | |||||
| Ohio 12 | |||||
| Ohio 13 | |||||
| Ohio 14 | |||||
| Ohio 15 | |||||
| Ohio 16 | |||||
| Ohio 17 | |||||
| Ohio 18 | |||||
| Ohio 19 | |||||
| Ohio 20 | |||||
| Ohio 21 | |||||
Pennsylvania
Elections were held October 8, 1844.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Pennsylvania 1 | |||||
| Pennsylvania 2 | |||||
| Pennsylvania 3 | |||||
| Pennsylvania 4 | |||||
| Pennsylvania 5 | |||||
| Pennsylvania 6 | |||||
| Pennsylvania 7 | |||||
| Pennsylvania 8 | |||||
| Pennsylvania 9 | |||||
| Pennsylvania 10 | |||||
| Pennsylvania 11 | |||||
| Pennsylvania 12 | |||||
| Pennsylvania 13 | |||||
| Pennsylvania 14 | |||||
| Pennsylvania 15 | |||||
| Pennsylvania 16 | |||||
| Pennsylvania 17 | |||||
| Pennsylvania 18 | |||||
| Pennsylvania 19 | |||||
| Pennsylvania 20 | |||||
| Pennsylvania 21 | |||||
| Pennsylvania 22 | |||||
| Pennsylvania 23 | |||||
| Pennsylvania 24 | |||||
Rhode Island
Elections were held April 2, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Rhode Island 1 | |||||
| Rhode Island 2 | |||||
South Carolina
Elections were held October 14–15, 1844.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| South Carolina 1 | |||||
| South Carolina 2 | |||||
| South Carolina 3 | |||||
| South Carolina 4 | |||||
| South Carolina 5 | |||||
| South Carolina 6 | |||||
| South Carolina 7 | |||||
Tennessee
Elections were held August 7, 1845.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Tennessee 1 | Andrew Johnson | Democratic | 1842 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Tennessee 2 | William T. Senter | Whig | 1842 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig hold. |
|
| Tennessee 3 | Julius W. Blackwell | Democratic | 1842 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected. Whig gain. |
|
| Tennessee 4 | Alvan Cullom | Democratic | 1842 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Tennessee 5 | George W. Jones | Democratic | 1842 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Tennessee 6 | Aaron V. Brown | Democratic | 1839 | Incumbent retired to run for Governor. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
| Tennessee 7 | David W. Dickinson | Whig | 1842 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Whig hold. |
|
| Tennessee 8 | Joseph H. Peyton | Whig | 1842 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Tennessee 9 | Cave Johnson | Democratic | 1839 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold. |
|
| Tennessee 10 | John B. Ashe | Whig | 1842 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic gain. |
|
| Tennessee 11 | Milton Brown | Whig | 1841 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Vermont
Elections were held September 3, 1844.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Vermont 1 | |||||
| Vermont 2 | |||||
| Vermont 3 | |||||
| Vermont 4 | |||||
Virginia
Elections were held April 24, 1845, after the March 4, 1845 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1845.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Virginia 1 | |||||
| Virginia 2 | |||||
| Virginia 3 | |||||
| Virginia 4 | |||||
| Virginia 5 | |||||
| Virginia 6 | |||||
| Virginia 7 | |||||
| Virginia 8 | |||||
| Virginia 9 | |||||
| Virginia 10 | |||||
| Virginia 11 | |||||
| Virginia 12 | |||||
| Virginia 13 | |||||
| Virginia 14 | |||||
| Virginia 15 | |||||
Wisconsin Territory
See Non-voting delegates, below.
Non-voting delegates
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delegate | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[40] | |
| Iowa Territory at-large | Augustus C. Dodge | Democratic | 1840 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Wisconsin Territory at-large | Henry Dodge | Democratic | 1840 | Incumbent retired to become territorial governor of Wisconsin. New delegate elected on an unknown date. Democratic hold. |
|
See also
Notes
- Excludes states admitted during the 29th Congress
- Includes late elections
- There was one vacancy in New Hampshire's delegation, unfilled for the duration of the 29th Congress.[1][2]
- Includes one Independent and one Independent Whig.
- There were 6 Know Nothings.
- Changed from at-large
- Previous election had 2 members of the short-lived Law and Order Party
- New State
References
- Dubin, p. 142–143.
- Martis, p. 98-99.
- 5 Stat. 743
- "AR - At-Large Race - Oct 08, 1844". Our Campaigns. December 30, 2006. Retrieved June 11, 2023.
- "Our Campaigns - GA District 03 Race - Aug 07, 1844". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2020-12-20.
- "Our Campaigns - GA District 08 Race - Aug 07, 1844". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2020-12-20.
- "Our Campaigns - MA District 4 - 1st Trial Race - Nov 11, 1844". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- "Our Campaigns - MA District 4 - 2nd Trial Race - Dec 23, 1844". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- "Our Campaigns - MA District 7 Race - Nov 11, 1844". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- "Our Campaigns - MA District 8 Race - Nov 11, 1844". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- "Our Campaigns - MA District 9 - 1st Trial Race - Nov 11, 1844". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- "Our Campaigns - MA District 9 - 2nd Trial Race - Dec 23, 1844". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- "Our Campaigns - MA District 9 - 3rd Trial Race - Feb 10, 1845". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- "Our Campaigns - MA District 9 - 4th Trial Race - Apr 28, 1845". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- "Our Campaigns - MA District 9 - 5th Trial Race - Sep 01, 1845". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- "Our Campaigns - MA District 9 - 6th Trial Race - Nov 10, 1845". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- "Our Campaigns - MA District 9 - 7th Trial Race - Dec 29, 1845". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- "Our Campaigns - MA District 9 - 8th Trial Race - Feb 02, 1846". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- "Our Campaigns - MA District 9 - 9th Trial Race - Nov 09, 1846". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- "MI - District 01 Race - Nov 05, 1844". Our Campaigns. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
- "MI - District 02 Race - Nov 05, 1844". Our Campaigns. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
- "MI - District 03 Race - Nov 05, 1844". Our Campaigns. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
- "MS - At Large". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- "MO At-Large". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved October 28, 2020., source notes Sims is Whig, which conflicts with other sources.
- "Our Campaigns - NH At-Large Race - Mar 11, 1845". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
- "Our Campaigns - NH At-Large - 2nd Trial Race - Aug 23, 1845". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
- "Our Campaigns - NH At-Large - 3rd Trial Race - Nov 29, 1845". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
- "Our Campaigns - NH At-Large - 4th Trial Race - Mar 10, 1846". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
- "TN - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- "TN - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- "TN - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- "TN - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- "TN - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- "TN - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- "TN - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- "TN - District 08". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- "TN - District 09". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- "TN - District 10". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- "TN - District 11". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- Pelzer, Louis (1908). Shambaugh, Benjamin F. (ed.). "The History and Principles of the Democratic Party of the Territory of Iowa". Iowa Journal of History and Politics. Vol. 6, no. 1. Iowa City, Iowa: State Historical Society of Iowa. p. 10. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
Bibliography
- Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
- Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.
- "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
External links
- Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)
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