1850–51 United States House of Representatives elections

The 1850–51 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between August 5, 1850 and November 4, 1851. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 32nd United States Congress convened on December 1, 1851. Elections were held for all 233 seats, representing 31 states.

1850–51 United States House of Representatives elections
August 5, 1850 – November 4, 1851
All 233 seats in the United States House of Representatives
117 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader Linn Boyd Edward Stanly
Party Democratic Whig
Leader's seat Kentucky 1st North Carolina 8th
Last election 113 seats 106 seats
Seats won 120 82
Seat change Increase 7 Decrease 24
Popular vote 1,142,783 1,105,286
Percentage 43.31% 41.89%
Swing Decrease 0.85% Decrease 2.95%
  Third party Fourth party
 
Party Unionist Southern Rights
Last election Pre-creation Pre-creation
Seats won 15[lower-alpha 1] 8[lower-alpha 2]
Seat change Increase 15 Increase 8
Popular vote 123,727 109,060
Percentage 4.69% 4.13%
Swing New Party New Party
  Fifth party Sixth party
 
Party Free Soil Independent
Last election 8 seats 3 seats
Seats won 4 4[lower-alpha 3]
Seat change Decrease 4 Increase 1
Popular vote 82,221 70,262
Percentage 3.12% 2.79%
Swing Decrease 5.54% Increase 1.03%
Speaker before election

Howell Cobb
Democratic

 Elected Speaker

Linn Boyd
Democratic

were held at various dates in different states from August 1850 to November 1851. The Democrats gained 17 seats, increasing their majority relative to the rival Whigs, who lost 22 seats. Incumbent Whig President Millard Fillmore, who succeeded to the Presidency in July 1850 after the death of more charismatic General Zachary Taylor, lacked a strong political base. The Compromise of 1850, which admitted California alone as a free state in exchange for concessions to slave state interests, began integration of the Mexican Cession. It appeared in the short term that Congress had politically feasible options to contain sectionalism and to reduce tensions over expanding slavery in the West. This optimism soon would prove unfounded.

The Unionist Party, formed in support of the Compromise of 1850, gained 10 seats in the South, as did the States' Rights Party. The Free Soil Party, which opposed the expansion of slavery into the Western territories, lost five seats and was reduced to four Representatives, all in New England.

Election summaries
↓
130 7 10 86
Democratic [lower-alpha 4] [lower-alpha 5] Whig
State Type Date Total
seats		 Democratic Free Soil Southern Rights Unionist Whig
Seats Change Seats Change Seats Change Seats Change Seats Change
Iowa District August 5, 1850 2 2 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Missouri District August 5, 1850 5 2 Decrease3 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 3 Increase3
Vermont District September 3, 1850 4 1 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 3 Steady
Maine District September 9, 1850 7 5 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 2 Steady
Florida At-large October 7, 1850 1 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 1 Steady
Ohio District October 8, 1850 21 11[lower-alpha 6] Steady 1 Decrease1 0 Steady 0 Steady 9 Increase1
Pennsylvania District October 8, 1850 24[lower-alpha 7] 15 Increase6 0 Decrease1 0 Steady 0 Steady 9 Decrease4
South Carolina District October 14–15, 1850 7 7 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Illinois District November 5, 1850
(Election Day)[lower-alpha 8]		 7 6 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 1 Steady
Michigan District 3 1 Decrease1 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 2 Increase1
New Jersey District 5 4 Increase3 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 1 Decrease3
New York District 34 17 Increase16 0 Decrease1 0 Steady 0 Steady 17 Decrease15
Wisconsin District 3 2[lower-alpha 6] Increase1 1 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Decrease1
Massachusetts District November 11, 1850 10[lower-alpha 9] 1 Increase1 2 Increase1 0 Steady 0 Steady 7 Decrease1
Delaware At-large November 12, 1850 1 1 Increase1 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Decrease1
Late elections (after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term)
New Hampshire District March 11, 1851 4 2 Steady 0 Decrease1 0 Steady 0 Steady 2 Increase1
Rhode Island District April 2, 1851 2 1 Increase1 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 1 Decrease1
Connecticut District April 7, 1851 4 3 Increase1 0 Decrease1 0 Steady 0 Steady 1 Steady
Alabama District August 4, 1851 7 4 Decrease1 0 Steady 0 Steady 1 Increase1 2 Steady
Arkansas At-large August 4, 1851 1 1 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Indiana District August 4, 1851 10 8 Steady 0 Decrease1 0 Steady 0 Steady 2 Increase1
Kentucky District August 4, 1851 10 5 Increase1 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 5 Decrease1
Texas District August 4, 1851 2 2 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
North Carolina District August 7, 1851 9 3 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 6 Steady
Tennessee District August 7, 1851 11 7[lower-alpha 6] Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 4 Steady
California At-large September 3, 1851 2[lower-alpha 10] 2 Increase1 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Maryland District October 1, 1851 6 2 Decrease1 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 4[lower-alpha 11] Increase1
Georgia District October 6, 1851 8 0 Decrease4 0 Steady 2 Increase2 6 Increase6 0 Decrease4
Virginia District October 23, 1851 15 13 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 2 Steady
Mississippi District November 3–4, 1851 4 0 Decrease4 0 Steady 1 Increase1 3 Increase3 0 Steady
Louisiana District November 4, 1851 4 2 Decrease1 0 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 2 Increase1
Total 233 130[lower-alpha 12]
55.8%		 Increase17 4
1.7%		 Decrease5 3
1.3%		 Increase3 10
4.3%		 Increase10 86[lower-alpha 11]
36.9%		 Decrease22
Popular vote
Democratic
 
 43.31%
Whig
 
 41.89%
Unionist
 
 4.69%
Southern Rights
 
 4.13%
Free Soil
 
 3.12%
Independent
 
 2.79%
Others
 
 0.07%
House seats
Democratic
 
 50.65%
Whig
 
 35.06%
Unionist
 
 6.06%
Southern Rights
 
 3.46%
Free Soil
 
 3.03%
Independent
 
 1.73%

One district in Massachusetts had been vacant in the 31st Congress. No new seats were added.

The previous election had 1 Know-Nothing and 1 Independent.

Special elections

31st Congress

32nd Congress

Alabama
See also: List of United States representatives from Alabama

Elections were held August 4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Alabama 1
Alabama 2
Alabama 3
Alabama 4
Alabama 5
Alabama 6
Alabama 7

Arkansas
See also: List of United States representatives from Arkansas

The election was held August 4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Arkansas at-large Robert W. Johnson Democratic 1846 Incumbent re-elected.

California
See also: List of United States representatives from California

California's members were elected late, at-large statewide, September 3, 1851. There were nevertheless seated with the rest of the House at the beginning of the first session.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
California at-large
2 seats		 George W. Wright Independent 1849 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.		 (Elected on a general ticket)
Edward Gilbert Democratic 1849 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.

Connecticut
See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut

Elections were held April 7, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Connecticut 1
Connecticut 2
Connecticut 3
Connecticut 4

Delaware
See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware

The election was held November 12, 1850.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Delaware at-large

Florida
See also: List of United States representatives from Florida

The election was held October 7, 1850.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Florida at-large Edward C. Cabell Whig 1845 Incumbent re-elected.
Whig hold.

Georgia
See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia

Elections were held October 6, 1851.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Georgia 1 Joseph W. Jackson Democratic 1850 Incumbent re-elected.
Southern Rights gain.
  • ▌Green tickY Joseph W. Jackson (Southern Rights) 51.67%
  • ▌ Charles H. Hopkins (Constitutional Union) 48.34%[5]
Georgia 2 Marshall Johnson Wellborn Democratic 1848 New member elected.
Unionist gain
Georgia 3 Allen F. Owen Whig 1848 New member elected.
Southern Rights gain
Georgia 4 Hugh A. Haralson Democratic 1842 New member elected.
Unionist gain
  • ▌Green tickY Charles Murphey (Constitutional Union) 58.05%
  • ▌ John P. Stell (Southern Rights) 41.95%[8]
Georgia 5 Thomas C. Hackett Democratic 1848 New member elected.
Unionist gain
Georgia 6 Howell Cobb Democratic 1842 Incumbent retired. New member elected.
Unionist gain
  • ▌Green tickY Junius Hillyer (Constitutional Union) 71.11%
  • ▌ Thomas F. Jones (Southern Rights) 28.90%[10]
Georgia 7 Alexander Hamilton Stephens Democratic 1843 Incumbent re-elected.
Unionist gain
Georgia 8 Robert Toombs Whig 1844 Incumbent re-elected.
Unionist gain

Illinois
See also: List of United States representatives from Illinois

Elections were held November 5, 1850.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Illinois 1
Illinois 2
Illinois 3
Illinois 4
Illinois 5
Illinois 6
Illinois 7

Indiana
See also: List of United States representatives from Indiana

Elections were held August 4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Indiana 1
Indiana 2
Indiana 3
Indiana 4
Indiana 5
Indiana 6
Indiana 7
Indiana 8
Indiana 9
Indiana 10

Iowa
See also: List of United States representatives from Iowa

Elections were held August 5, 1850.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Iowa 1
Iowa 2

Kentucky
See also: List of United States representatives from Kentucky

Elections were held August 4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Kentucky 1
Kentucky 2
Kentucky 3
Kentucky 4
Kentucky 5
Kentucky 6
Kentucky 7
Kentucky 8
Kentucky 9
Kentucky 10

Louisiana
See also: List of United States representatives from Louisiana

Elections were held November 4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Louisiana 1
Louisiana 2
Louisiana 3
Louisiana 4

Maine
See also: List of United States representatives from Maine

Elections were held September 9, 1850.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Maine 1
Maine 2
Maine 3
Maine 4
Maine 5
Maine 6
Maine 7

Maryland
Main article: 1851 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland
See also: List of United States representatives from Maryland

Elections were held October 1, 1851 elections were after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the new term, but still before the Congress convened in December 1851.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Maryland 1
Maryland 2
Maryland 3
Maryland 4
Maryland 5
Maryland 6

Massachusetts
See also: List of United States representatives from Massachusetts

Elections were held November 11, 1850, but at least one district's elections went to multiple ballots into 1851.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Massachusetts 1
Massachusetts 2
Massachusetts 3
Massachusetts 4 Vacant due to failure to elect. New member elected on the 4th ballot.
Whig gain.		 First ballot (November 11, 1850):

Second ballot (January 20, 1851):

Third ballot (April 7, 1851):

Fourth ballot (May 26, 1851):
Massachusetts 5
Massachusetts 6
Massachusetts 7 Julius Rockwell Whig 1844 (Late) Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected on the fourth ballot.
Whig hold.		 First ballot (November 11, 1850):

Second ballot (January 20, 1851):

Third ballot (April 7, 1851):

Fourth ballot (May 26, 1851):
Massachusetts 8
Massachusetts 9
Massachusetts 10

Michigan
See also: List of United States representatives from Michigan

Elections were held November 5, 1850.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Michigan 1 Alexander W. Buel Democratic 1848 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Whig gain.
Michigan 2 William Sprague Whig 1848 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
Michigan 3 Kinsley S. Bingham Democratic 1846 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Whig gain.

Minnesota Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Mississippi
See also: List of United States representatives from Mississippi

Elections were held November 3–4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Mississippi 1 Jacob Thompson Democratic 1839 Incumbent lost re-election as a Southern Rights candidate.
New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Mississippi 2 Winfield S. Featherston Democratic 1847 Incumbent lost re-election as a Southern Rights candidate.
New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Mississippi 3 William McWillie Democratic 1849 Incumbent lost re-election as a Southern Rights candidate.
New member elected.
Unionist gain.
Mississippi 4 Albert G. Brown Democratic 1847 Incumbent re-elected.
Southern Rights gain.

Missouri
See also: List of United States representatives from Missouri

Elections were held August 5, 1850.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Missouri 1
Missouri 2
Missouri 3
Missouri 4
Missouri 5

New Hampshire
See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire

Elections were held March 11, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
New Hampshire 1
New Hampshire 2
New Hampshire 3
New Hampshire 4

New Jersey
See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey

Elections were held November 5, 1850.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
New Jersey 1
New Jersey 2
New Jersey 3
New Jersey 4
New Jersey 5

New Mexico Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

New York
See also: List of United States representatives from New York

Elections were held November 5, 1850.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
New York 1
New York 2
New York 3
New York 4
New York 5
New York 6
New York 7
New York 8
New York 9
New York 10
New York 11
New York 12
New York 13
New York 14
New York 15
New York 16
New York 17
New York 18
New York 19
New York 20
New York 21
New York 22
New York 23
New York 24
New York 25
New York 26
New York 27
New York 28
New York 29
New York 30
New York 31
New York 32
New York 33
New York 34

North Carolina
See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina

Elections were held August 7, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
North Carolina 1
North Carolina 2
North Carolina 3
North Carolina 4
North Carolina 5
North Carolina 6
North Carolina 7
North Carolina 8
North Carolina 9

Ohio
See also: List of United States representatives from Ohio

Elections were held October 8, 1850.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Ohio 1
Ohio 2
Ohio 3
Ohio 4
Ohio 5
Ohio 6
Ohio 7
Ohio 8
Ohio 9
Ohio 10
Ohio 11
Ohio 12
Ohio 13
Ohio 14
Ohio 15
Ohio 16
Ohio 17
Ohio 18
Ohio 19
Ohio 20
Ohio 21

Oregon Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Pennsylvania
See also: List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania

Elections were held October 8, 1850.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Pennsylvania 1
Pennsylvania 2
Pennsylvania 3
Pennsylvania 4
Pennsylvania 5
Pennsylvania 6
Pennsylvania 7
Pennsylvania 8
Pennsylvania 9
Pennsylvania 10
Pennsylvania 11
Pennsylvania 12
Pennsylvania 13
Pennsylvania 14
Pennsylvania 15
Pennsylvania 16
Pennsylvania 17
Pennsylvania 18
Pennsylvania 19
Pennsylvania 20
Pennsylvania 21
Pennsylvania 22
Pennsylvania 23
Pennsylvania 24

Rhode Island
See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island

Elections were held April 2, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Rhode Island 1
Rhode Island 2

South Carolina
See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina

Elections were held October 14–15, 1850.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
South Carolina 1
South Carolina 2
South Carolina 3
South Carolina 4
South Carolina 5
South Carolina 6
South Carolina 7

Tennessee
See also: List of United States representatives from Tennessee

Elections were held August 7, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Tennessee 1 Andrew Johnson Democratic 1842 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 2 Albert G. Watkins Whig 1849 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green tickY Albert G. Watkins (Whig) 78.65%
  • ▌[FNU] Hurley (Democratic) 17.57%
  • ▌J. D. Dickinson (Whig) 3.78%[28]
Tennessee 3 Josiah M. Anderson Whig 1849 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
Tennessee 4 John H. Savage Democratic 1849 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 5 George W. Jones Democratic 1842 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Green tickY George W. Jones (Democratic) 100%[31]
Tennessee 6 James H. Thomas Democratic 1847 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Independent Democratic gain.
Tennessee 7 Meredith P. Gentry Whig 1845 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Green tickY Meredith P. Gentry (Whig) 100%[33]
Tennessee 8 Andrew Ewing Democratic 1849 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Whig gain.
Tennessee 9 Isham G. Harris Democratic 1849 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 10 Frederick P. Stanton Democratic 1845 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 11 Christopher H. Williams Whig 1849 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Green tickY Christopher H. Williams (Whig) 100%[37]

Texas
See also: List of United States representatives from Texas

Elections were held August 4, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Texas 1
Texas 2

Utah Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Vermont
See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont

Elections were held September 3, 1850.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Vermont 1
Vermont 2
Vermont 3
Vermont 4

Virginia
See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia

Elections were held October 23, 1851, after the March 4, 1851 beginning of the term, but before the House first convened in December 1851.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Virginia 1
Virginia 2
Virginia 3
Virginia 4
Virginia 5
Virginia 6
Virginia 7
Virginia 8
Virginia 9
Virginia 10
Virginia 11
Virginia 12
Virginia 13
Virginia 14
Virginia 15

Wisconsin
See also: List of United States representatives from Wisconsin

Elections were held November 5, 1850.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[38]
Wisconsin 1 Charles Durkee Free Soil 1848 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Charles Durkee (Free Soil) 57.23%
  • ▌Andrew E. Elmore (Democratic) 42.47%
Wisconsin 2 Orsamus Cole Whig 1848 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
Wisconsin 3 James Duane Doty Democratic 1848 Incumbent won re-election as an Independent.
Independent Democratic gain.

Non-voting delegates
See also: Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives
District Incumbent This race
Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates
Minnesota Territory Henry Hastings Sibley Democratic 1848 (Wis. Territory: special)
1849 (Wis. Territory: eliminated)
1849 (Minn. Territory)		 Incumbent re-elected.
New Mexico Territory New seat New seat.
Democratic gain.
Oregon Territory Samuel Thurston Democratic 1849 (new seat) Incumbent died April 9, 1851.
New delegate elected June 2, 1851.[40]
Democratic hold.
Utah Territory New seat New seat.
Independent gain.

See also

Notes
  1. Includes two Unionist Whigs, three Unionist Democrats, and ten Unionists.
  2. Includes one Secessionist Democrat, one Secessionist Whig, three Southern Rights Democrats, and three Southern Rightists.
  3. Includes two Independent Democrats, one Benton Democrat and one Independent Whig.
  4. Free Soil had 4 seats and States' Rights had 3.
  5. Unionist had 10 seats.
  6. Includes one Independent Democrat.
  7. There was 1 Know-Nothing in the 31st Congress.
  8. In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform date for choosing presidential electors.[1] Congressional elections were unaffected by this law, but the date was gradually adopted by the states for congressional elections as well.
  9. One seat, Massachusetts's 4th congressional district, had been vacant during the entire 31st Congress.
  10. There was 1 Independent in the 31st Congress.
  11. Includes 1 Independent Whig.
  12. Includes three Independent Democrats from Ohio, Tennessee, and Wisconsin.

References
  1. Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721
  2. Guide to U.S. Elections. Vol. II (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 2010. p. 1016. ISBN 9781604265361. LCCN 2009033938. OCLC 430736650.
  3. "Our Campaigns - CA - At Large Race - Sep 03, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  4. "Our Campaigns - FL At Large Race - Oct 07, 1850". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  5. "Our Campaigns - GA District 01 Race - Oct 06, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  6. "Our Campaigns - GA District 02 Race - Oct 06, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  7. "Our Campaigns - GA District 03 Race - Oct 06, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  8. "Our Campaigns - GA District 04 Race - Oct 06, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  9. "Our Campaigns - GA District 05 Race - Oct 06, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  10. "Our Campaigns - GA District 06 Race - Oct 06, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  11. "Our Campaigns - GA District 07 Race - Oct 06, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  12. "Our Campaigns - MA District 4 - 1st Trial Race - Nov 11, 1850". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  13. "Our Campaigns - MA District 4 - 2nd Trial Race - Jan 20, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  14. "Our Campaigns - MA District 4 - 3rd Trial Race - Apr 07, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  15. "Our Campaigns - MA District 4 - 4th Trial Race - May 26, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  16. "Our Campaigns - MA District 7 - 1st Trial Race - Nov 11, 1850". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  17. "Our Campaigns - MA District 7 - 2nd Trial Race - Jan 20, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  18. "Our Campaigns - MA District 7 - 3rd Trial Race - Apr 07, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  19. "Our Campaigns - MA District 7 - 4th Trial Race - May 26, 1851". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  20. "MI - District 01 Race - Nov 05, 1850". Our Campaigns. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  21. "MI - District 02 Race - Nov 05, 1850". Our Campaigns. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  22. "MI - District 03 Race - Nov 05, 1850". Our Campaigns. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  23. "MS - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
  24. "MS - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
  25. "MS - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
  26. "MS - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
  27. "TN - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  28. "TN - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  29. "TN - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  30. "TN - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  31. "TN - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  32. "TN - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  33. "TN - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  34. "TN - District 08". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  35. "TN - District 09". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  36. "TN - District 10". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  37. "TN - District 11". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  38. "Wisconsin Congressional election 1850 / Official". Wisconsin Argus. December 17, 1850. p. 2. Retrieved May 23, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  39. "Later from New-Mexico--Murder, and Great Excitement". timesmachine.nytimes.com. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  40. "Earliest Authorities in Oregon" (PDF). Oregon Secretary of State. p. 23.

Bibliography
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