Under Secretary of Education

The Under Secretary of Education role was established as the second-highest-ranking position in the United States Department of Education when the agency was established in 1979. With the addition of a Deputy Secretary position in 1991, the Under Secretary became the third highest. The Under Secretary of Education is appointed by the President of the United States, with the approval of the United States Senate, to serve at the President's pleasure.

United States Undersecretary of Education
Seal of the Department
Incumbent
James Kvaal
since September 22, 2021
United States Department of Education
Reports toSecretary of Education
SeatWashington, D.C.
AppointerThe President
with Senate advice and consent
Term lengthNo fixed term
20 U.S.C. § 3412
Websitehttps://sites.ed.gov/ous/

Under Secretaries and Key Deputies

Steven Alan Minter, an African American leader in Cleveland, was the first Under Secretary at the newly created agency, appointed by President Carter in 1979.[1] Minter's deputies were Margaret McKenna, a civil rights attorney, and Michael Bakalis, who had recently run as the Democratic candidate for governor of Illinois. With Carter's loss in the 1980 presidential election, Minter left the role when Ronald Reagan took office in January 1981.[2]

President Reagan appointed William C. Clohan, Jr., a veteran Republican staffer on Capitol Hill, as Under Secretary in 1981.[3] One year later, Clohan resigned abruptly, reportedly pushed out as a response to conservative groups' complaints that Secretary of Education Ted Bell was too moderate in his views about the future of the federal role in education.[4] [5] Clohan was replaced by Gary L. Jones, a vice president at the conservative American Enterprise Institute.[6]  

In 1985, as William Bennett replaced Bell as Secretary, Jones was replaced as Under Secretary by Gary L. Bauer, who later led the conservative Family Research Council. Bennett and Bauer together launched an effort to challenge the efficacy of bilingual education.[7] Among a number of deputies was Bruce Carnes, who played a major role in the administration's efforts to address problems of fraud and abuse by for-profit colleges.[8]

In 1987 Linus Wright, a Dallas educator, was appointed Under Secretary by President Reagan. He stayed in the role into the beginning of the George H.W. Bush administration. In 1989, Bush replaced Wright with Illinois schools chief Ted Sanders.[9]

In 1991, incoming Secretary Lamar Alexander, added a Deputy Secretary role to the department, naming David T. Kearns, the CEO of Xerox Corporation to that position, while keeping Sanders as Under Secretary. The new Deputy position was viewed as usurping the Under as the second highest in the agency.[10]

In 1993 President Clinton appointed Marshall (Mike) Smith, an advocate of standards-based school reform, to serve as his Under Secretary.[11] After Madeleine Kunin left the Deputy Secretary role, Smith filled that role as acting and was formally nominated. At the time Smith predicted confirmation "might take quite a while."[12] He held both positions--confirmed as Under Secretary and acting as Deputy--for the remaining three years of the administration.

In 2001, President George W. Bush chose Gene Hickock, Pennsylvania secretary of education, as his Under Secretary of Education.[13] In 2003 Bush used recess appointments to make various personnel changes, leading to Edward R. McPherson serving as Under Secretary.[14] Under the leadership of Secretary Margaret Spellings, in 2006 the Under Secretary role took on a higher education focus with the appointment of Sara Martinez Tucker, the president of the Hispanic Scholarship Fund, as Under Secretary.[15]

The higher education focus of the Under Secretary office was continued by President Obama, who named Martha J. Kanter, a community college leader from California, to the role. Her deputy was initially Robert Shireman; he was succeeded by James Kvaal in 2010.[16] [17] Kanter resigned in 2013 and was replaced by Ted Mitchell, the CEO of the NewSchools Venture Fund and former president of Occidental College.[18] His deputy, Jamie Studley, led the administration's examination of data that could be used to help students assess college quality and value, leading to the College Scorecard.[19]

President Trump never nominated anyone to the Under Secretary role. He did continue the higher education focus of the position, appointing a deputy, Diane Auer Jones, as acting Under Secretary for the bulk of the administration.[20] Jones revamped accreditation and other regulations to reduce federal oversight, particularly of for-profit colleges, where she had previously worked.[21] [22]

In 2021, President Biden nominated James Kvaal, the president of The Institute for College Access and Success and a former deputy under secretary, as Under Secretary. A senate confirmation vote is scheduled for September 13, 2021.

The Office's Role in the Biden Administration

In the Biden administration, the Office of the Under Secretary oversees policies, programs, and activities related to post secondary education, vocational and adult education, and federal student aid.[23]

The Office of the Under Secretary (OUS) is responsible for helping to implement the Secretary's Action Plan for Higher Education, which calls for expanding the accessibility, affordability, and accountability of higher education for more Americans.

Key posts reporting to the undersecretary:

Office Officeholder
Executive Director of the Center for Faith and Opportunity Initiatives Vacant
Executive Director of the White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities Vacant
Chief Operating Officer, Federal Student Aid Richard Cordray
Assistant Secretary, Office of Postsecondary Education Michelle Asha Cooper, Acting
Assistant Secretary, Office of Career, Technical, and Adult Education Amy Loyd, Acting
Executive Director of the White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for African Americans Vacant
Executive Director of the White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanic Americans Vacant
Executive Director of the White House Initiative on American Indian and Alaska Native Education Vacant

References
  1. McGroarty, Patrick (2019-09-27). "Steve Minter Rallied Donors to Rebuild Cleveland". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  2. "Steven A. Minter's Biography". The HistoryMakers. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  3. "Nomination of William C. Clohan, Jr., To Be Under Secretary of Education | The American Presidency Project". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  4. Hunter, Marjorie; Times, Special To the New York (1982-04-09). "U.S. EDUCATION AIDE RESIGNS ABRUPTLY". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  5. White, Eileen (1982-04-21). "'Right Wing' Prompted Firing, Former E.D. Official Claims". Education Week. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  6. "Nomination of Gary L. Jones To Be Under Secretary of Education | The American Presidency Project". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  7. "Reagan administration wants to change bilingual education. Bennett says current law fails to help most deserving kids, but critics disagree". Christian Science Monitor. 1985-09-27. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  8. Whitman, David (2017-02-13). "The Reagan Administration's Campaign to Rein In Predatory For-Profit Colleges". The Century Foundation. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  9. "President Bush nominated Illinois school chief John 'Ted' Sanders..." UPI. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  10. "Xerox's Kearns Is Nominated For No. 2 Post". Education Week. 1991-03-27. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  11. "Archived: MARSHALL S. SMITH, UNDER SECRETARY". www2.ed.gov. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  12. "Marshall Smith nominated for federal education post (7/97)". news.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  13. "President Bush to Nominate Hickok as Under Secretary of Education | The American Presidency Project". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  14. "Nominations Sent to the Senate | The American Presidency Project". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  15. "Sara Martinez Tucker, Under Secretary -- Biography". www2.ed.gov. 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  16. "White House Aide to Succeed Shireman in Top Education Post". www.chronicle.com. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  17. Lederman, Doug (June 3, 2010). "Cut From Similar Cloth". www.insidehighered.com. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  18. "Ted Mitchell, Under Secretary—Biography". www2.ed.gov. 2017-01-20. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  19. "Top Education Dept. official who worked on college ratings reflects on tenure". www.insidehighered.com. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  20. "Diane Auer Jones, Principal Deputy Under Secretary -- Biography". www2.ed.gov. 2021-01-20. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  21. Green, Erica L. (2019-06-09). "She Left the Education Dept. for Groups It Curbed. Now She's Back, With Plans". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  22. Douglas-Gabriel, Danielle. "DeVos aide played role in helping failing for-profit colleges, texts and emails show". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  23. "Office of the Under Secretary | U.S. Department of Education". Retrieved 2021-02-25.
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