Upstream contamination

Upstream contamination by floating particles is a counterintuitive phenomenon in fluid dynamics. When pouring water from a higher container to a lower one, particles floating in the latter can climb upstream into the upper container. A definitive explanation is still lacking: experimental and computational evidence indicates that the contamination is chiefly driven by surface tension gradients, however the phenomenon is also affected by the dynamics of swirling flows that remain to be fully investigated.

Particles can climb up the falling water while preparing a mate beverage.

Origins
Experimental setup for creating a constant flow of water falling from a higher to a lower recipient.

The phenomenon was observed in 2008 by the Argentine Sebastian Bianchini during mate tea preparation, while studying physics at the University of Havana.

It rapidly attracted the interest of professor Alejandro Lage-Castellanos, who performed, with Bianchini, a series of controlled experiments. Later on professor Ernesto Altshuler completed the trio in Havana, which resulted in the Diploma thesis of Bianchini and a short original paper posted in the web arXiv[1] and mentioned as a surprising fact in some online journals.[2][3][4][5]

Bianchini's Diploma thesis showed that the phenomenon could be reproduced in a controlled laboratory setting using mate leaves or chalk powder as contaminants, and that temperature gradients (hot in the top, cold in the bottom) were not necessary to generate the effect. The research also showed that surface tension was key to the explanation through the Marangoni effect. This was suggested by two facts: (a) both mate and chalk lowered the surface tension of water, and (b) if an industrial surfactant was added on the upper reservoir, the upstream motion of particles would stop.

Confirmation

After a talk by Lage-Castellanos at the First Workshop on Complex Matter Physics in Havana (MarchCOMeeting'2012), professor Troy Shinbrot of Rutgers University became interested in the subject. Together with student Theo Siu, Cuban results were confirmed and expanded with new experiments and numerical simulations at Rutgers, which resulted in a joint peer-reviewed paper.[6]

Later on, the phenomenon was confirmed independently by others.[7] Whether dynamical behaviors of the falling water play a role remains as an open question.

Videos of the effect are available on YouTube.[8][7]

Implications

The phenomenon of upstream contamination could be relevant to industrial and biotechnological processes, and may be connected even to movements of the protoplasm. It could imply that some of the good practices in industrial and biotechnological procedures need revision.

See also

References
  1. Bianchini, Sebastian; Lage-Castellanos, Alejandro; Altshuler, Ernesto (12 May 2011). "Upstream contamination in water pouring". arXiv:1105.2585 [physics.flu-dyn].
  2. "Contaminants Can Flow Up Waterfalls, Say Physicists". MIT Technology Review. 17 May 2011. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.
  3. Greenwood, Veronique (17 May 2011). "Small Particles Can Flow Up Waterfalls, Say Tea-Drinking Physicists". Discover Magazine.
  4. Yirka, Bob (18 May 2011). "Some particles are able to flow up small waterfalls, physicists show". Phys.org.
  5. Grant, Andrew (2 July 2013). "Particles defy gravity, float upstream". Science News.
  6. Bianchini, Sebastian; Lage, Alejandro; Siu, Theo; Shinbrot, Troy; Altshuler, Ernesto (8 September 2013). "Upstream contamination by floating particles". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 469 (2157): 20130067. Bibcode:2013RSPSA.46930067B. doi:10.1098/rspa.2013.0067.
  7. "Upstream Contamination by Floating Particles". YouTube. 2014.
  8. A. Lage-Castellanos (7 August 2013). "Upstream contamination by floating particles". YouTube.
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