Atta Muhammad Nur

Atta Muhammad Nur (also spelled Ata Mohammed Noor; Persian: عطا محمد نور; born 1964) is an Afghan exiled politician and former militant who served as the Governor of Balkh Province in Afghanistan from 2004 to January 25, 2018.[1] An ethnic Tajik,[3] he worked to educate the Mujahideen after the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, gaining the nickname "The Teacher".[4] He then became a mujahideen resistance commander for the Jamiat-e Islami against the Soviets.

Not to be confused with Mohamed Atta.
Atta Muhammad Nur
Nur in 2010
Governor of Balkh
In office
2004 – January 25, 2018
Preceded byHabibullah Habib
Succeeded byMohammad Ishaq Rahgozar[1]
Personal details
Born1964 (age 58–59)
Mazar-i-Sharif, Balkh Province, Afghanistan
Political partyJamiat-e Islami
Relations[2]
Children7
ProfessionPolitician
EthnicityTajik

When the Taliban government took power in late 1996, Noor served as a commander in the United Front (Northern Alliance) under Ahmad Shah Massoud against the Taliban. He led operations in the Balkh area.[5] In 2004, President Hamid Karzai appointed him as the governor of Balkh province.[3] He has been described by The Economist as being "immensely wealthy."[6] He was removed from the position of Provincial Governor by President Ashraf Ghani in January 2018.[7]

During the 2021 Taliban offensive, Nur, along with Abdul Rashid Dostum, fled Mazar-e-Sharif to Uzbekistan in August 2021.[8]

Mujahideen and Northern Alliance

Born in Balkh province, Atta Mohammed joined the mujahideen fighting the Soviet presence in Afghanistan in the 1980s[9] and became affiliated with the Jamiat-e Islami party. By 1992, he had become one of the most powerful Mujahideen commanders in Northern Afghanistan.[10]

Following the fall of Mohammed Najibullah's Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, while remaining a Jamiat commander, he also joined Abdul Rashid Dostum's National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan, becoming a deputy leader of that movement during its first congress on June 1, 1992.[11] However, ideological differences with Dostum soon emerged, and in 1993, he split from Dostum.[12] In January 1994, Atta Noor fought to consolidate the Islamic State of Afghanistan's control over the capital of Balkh, Mazar-i-Sharif, against Dostum's Junbish militia. But Dostum struck first, mobilizing 10,000 men and defeating Atta's forces.[13]

When the Taliban took power in late 1997, Atta Noor served as a commander in the anti-Taliban United Front (Northern Alliance) under Ahmad Shah Massoud. Atta Noor led operations in the Balkh area.[5] Dostum had turned into an ally against the Taliban. On November 9, 2001, Atta Noor's forces and those of Dostum drove the Taliban from Mazar-i-Sharif.[14]

Islamic Republic

After the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan under the Hamid Karzai administration, Ustad Atta's forces clashed with those of Dostum several times. From 2002 onwards, with the support of Jamiat-e Islami allies occupying key positions in the Afghan Transitional Administration and the support of the international community which tried to marginalize Dostum for his dubious record, Atta Noor expanded his influence in Northern Afghanistan. He managed to seize Mazar-i-Sharif using little force, only the Khulmi District was taken by force. Atta subsequently attempted to buy the loyalty of local leaders in Faryab, Jowzjan, and Balkh provinces.[15] In October 2003, Dostum launched an offensive, and managed to retake many of the positions he had lost since 2002. Near Mazar, Dostum outmanoeuvred Atta's armoured forces, and captured all the key positions around the city.[16] The fighting initiated by Dostum around Mazar involved tanks and artillery, and resulted in the death of approximately 60 people.[17] Both Dostum and Atta were, however, coming under increasing pressure from the international community and the central government in Kabul to stop the fighting. Atta and Dostum worked out a power-sharing agreement in which Dostum conceded Mazar and most of Balkh province to Atta, who in turn renounced his intention of contesting Dostum's influence elsewhere in Northern Afghanistan.[18]

Noor has married once and has five sons and two daughters. His eldest son, Khalid Noor, graduated from Royal Military Academy Sandhurst of London in 2014. Tariq Noor is studying Public Administration at the American University in Dubai. His other children are Belal Noor, Suhaib Noor, and Seyar Noor.

Governor of Balkh province
A special meeting between German Minister of the Interior Thomas de Maizière and Atta Mohammad in March 2010

In Late 2004, Atta was appointed governor of Balkh Province by Hamid Karzai. By installing commanders with Whom he had fought in the 1980s and 1990s in local government positions, thus turning them away from destabilizing activities, he created a loyal and disciplined local administration. As a result, he acquired a monopoly on violence, and achieved relative security and stability even in the most remote districts, at the cost of authoritarian methods. The security in Balkh Province permitted significant reconstruction and the development of considerable economic activity.[9] Atta Noor is credited for maintaining political control and economic development and security for Balkh province including its largest city, Mazar-i-Sharif. Atta's opium poppy eradication program between 2005 and 2007, advised by consultants from Adam Smith International, successfully reduced poppy cultivation in Balkh Province from 7,200 hectares in 2005 to zero by 2007.[9]

Governor Atta Mohammad Noor supported Karzai's main challenger, Abdullah Abdullah, in the August 2009 presidential election.[19]

Atta Mohammad Noor, is widely recognized as the main source of political power in the Province, and has exercised a high degree of control over politics in Balkh. He has used that influence to grow rich through business deals during his time in power.[20] No meaningful business in the Province is Transacted without his approval and major real estate in the provincial capital, Mazar-e Sharif, is in the hands of companies Atta owns or controls. He is a key player in the transport industry in Afghanistan's north, including the development of the rail line from Uzbekistan to Mazar-e Sharif. Having transplanted his militia leaders into powerful positions throughout the provincial administration, he maintains a monopoly over violence as well as control over illicit activity.[21] Atta exercises near-complete control over the security organizations and political operations of the Province.

Nationally, the Province's administration was well regarded . Consequently, it received additional funding and positions through the civil service priority restructuring program and some payments from the Ministry of Counter-Narcotics through the U.S.-funded Good Performance Initiative.[22] Historically, his local political strategy has been to dominate the Province using informal power, rules, and networks. His reputation as a strongman who doesn't tolerate opposition in any form has made him very influential in the area. While his power base does not lend itself to a rule based democracy, given Afghanistan's history of weak central power and its limited resources, the form of governance represented by Atta may be the best compromise at present in Afghanistan .

Opponents of Atta view him as a corrupt power figure whose loyalty from the populace is motivated more by fear than adoration. The President appoints the country's 34 governors, but many believed that President Karzai was too weak to remove Governor Atta. Karzai's opposition raised concerns of violence and rebellion from the populace if the central government were to attempt to reign in Atta's power. Governor Atta Mohammad Noor himself boldly asserts that he will decide whether he remains governor of Balkh Province, not Kabul.[4] Indeed, in 2014 the current Afghan president, Ashraf Ghani, fired all 34 Afghan provincial governors, but Atta repeatedly refused to give up the role.[23] He was removed from the position of Provincial Governor by President Ashraf Ghani in January 2018.[7]

Although largely supported by the U.S., Atta has publicly spoken out against the U.S. exit strategy from Afghanistan. Atta is vehemently opposed to bringing the Taliban back into negotiations and opposes reconciliation with his former archenemies. Additionally, Atta does not support any permanent American bases in Afghanistan, and reiterates his regional loyalty. Speculation exists that Atta's colorful rhetoric may be linked to the possibility of him running for president, or at the least seeking the leadership of his local political party.[24]

He and Dostum fled across the Amu Darya when the Taliban advanced on to Mazar-i-Sharif on August 14, 2021.[8] In October 2021, Ata, Dostum, and others including Yunus Qanuni and Abdul Rasul Sayyaf formed the Supreme Council of National Resistance of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in opposition to the new Taliban regime.[25]

See also

References
  1. Alim, Mohammad Haroon (6 October 2020). "Government Appoints New Governor For Balkh Province".
  2. "Afghan Governor Himself Defends Indian Consulate And Wins Our Collective Respect".
  3. Kramer, Andrew E. (February 18, 2018). "Second Afghan Governor Defies Kabul Order to Resign, Adding to U.S. Headache". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
  4. Nelson, Soraya. "Ex-Warlord Helps Afghan Province Make Progress". NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  5. Constable, Pamela (2006) "Top Prosecutor Targets Afghanistan's Once-Untouchable Bosses" The Washington Post 23 November 2006, p. A-22
  6. Afghanistan’s presidential election: Stuffed, economist.com.
  7. Ihsas, ‌Zabihullah (25 January 2018). "New Governor of Balkh".
  8. "Afghan militia leaders Atta Noor, Dostum escape 'conspiracy'". Reuters. 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  9. Mukhopadhyay, Dipali (August 2009). "Warlords As Bureaucrats: The Afghan Experience" (PDF). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
  10. Giustozzi, Antonio (2009). Empires of Mud: Wars and Warlords in Afghanistan. London: Hurst. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-85065-932-7.
  11. Giustozzi, p.107
  12. Giustozzi, p.149
  13. Giustozzi, p.168
  14. Karon, Tony (Nov 9, 2001). "Rebels: Mazar-i-Sharif is Ours". Time. Archived from the original on 30 October 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
  15. Giustozzi, p.150
  16. Giustozzi, p.151
  17. Williams, Brian Glyn (May 5, 2005). "Rashid Dostum: America's Secular Ally In The War On Terror". Terrorism Monitor. 1 (6) – via The Jamestown Foundation.
  18. Giustozzi, p.156
  19. Cross, Tony (16 Nov 2009). "Northern powerbroker calls for Abdullah supporters in government". Radio France Internationale. Retrieved 2010-09-28.
  20. Gall, Carlotta (May 17, 2010). "In Afghanistan's North, Ex-Warlord Offers Security". NY Times. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  21. Mukhopadhyay, Dipali (August 2009). "Warlords As Bureaucrats: The Afghan Experience" (PDF). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Middle East Program. 101. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  22. Fishstein, Paul (November 2010). "Winning Hearts and Minds? Examining the Relationship between Aid and Security in Afghanistan's Balkh Province" (PDF). Feinstein International Center. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  23. Sukhanyar, Jawad; Nordland, Rod (April 2, 2016). "'They Cannot Remove Me by Force': A Strongman on Afghan Infighting". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  24. Hersh, Joshua (April 3, 2012). "Atta Muhammad Noor, Afghan Governor, Criticizes U.S. Exit Plan". Huffington Post. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  25. "Islamic Emirate Reacts to Newly-Formed 'Resistance Council'".

Further reading
  • Mukhopadhyay, Dipali. "Disguised warlordism and combatanthood in Balkh: the persistence of informal power in the formal Afghan state." Conflict, Security & Development 9, no. 4 (2009): 535–564.
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