Vaclau Lastouski

Lastoŭski was born on 8 November 1883 in the village of Kalieśnikaŭ Disna county, Vilna Governorate of the Russian Empire (nowadays - Lastovichi, Belarus) into the family of a landless nobleman.[1][2] Having received his primary education at the Pahost Primary School, he moved to Vilnius in 1896 where he worked as a shop assistant and, later, in Šiauliai, as a clerk. In 1902 Lastoŭski joined the Polish Socialist Party that was active in Lithuania. In 1905-1906 he worked as a librarian of a student library in St. Petersburg where he also attended lectures at the Faculty of History without being enrolled at the university.[3]

In 1906 Lastoŭski relocated to Riga to work as a railway clerk. He attempted to pass examinations to receive a secondary school qualification but, despite good results for the main subjects, failed due to his poor knowledge of the Russian language. Afterwards, he would not be formally educated anywhere.[3]

In Riga, Lastoŭski became actively involved in the Belarusian national movement. He was a member of the Belarusian Socialist Assembly between 1906 and 1908 and was imprisoned for socialist propaganda for several months in 1906. Lastoŭski was also a secretary of the editorial board of the Belarusian newspaper "Naša Niva".[2][4]

Starting from 1915, Lastoŭski openly supported the idea of independence of Belarus both from Russia and Poland.[4]

In January 1915 Lastoŭski, together with other prominent leaders of the Belarusian independence movement such as Vincent Śviatapolk-Mirski, Ivan and Anton Luckievich, signed a petition calling for the German authorities that occupied Western Belarus during WWI to authorise the publication of Belarusian newspapers. At that time Lastoŭski headed the Belarusian Publishing Society and a Belarusian bookstore in Vilnius. He was also involved in writing and publishing school textbooks by a private publishing house.[2][5]

Lastoŭski was one of the leaders of the party “The Christian Unity” (1915). He co-authored “The Memorandum of the Representatives of Belarus” that formulated the right of the Belarusian people for national and political development and that was presented at an international conference in Lausanne in 1916. In 1916—1917 Lastoŭski edited the newspaper “Homan” (the “Babble”) and, in 1918, published the journal «Kryvič».[2][5]

At the beginning of 1918 Lastoŭski founded the Union of Independence and Indivisibility of Belarus that formulated the guidelines for the creation of an independent Belarusian state. In 1918-1919 he was a member of the Belarusian Council of Viĺna. He was elected as one of the representatives of this council to participate in the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic that, on 25 March 1918, accepted the Third Constitutional Convention (or the Third Constitutional Hramata, Third Constituent Charter) and proclaimed the independence of the Belarusian Democratic Republic.[3][5]

In November 1918 Lastoŭski became a member of the Council of Lithuania. At the end of 1918 he was the head of the Belarusian representation in Lithuania and the Belarusian attaché at the Embassy of Lithuania in Berlin. In 1919 he became the leader of the Belarusian Socialist Revolutionaries.[1][4]

In December 1919 Lastoŭski was appointed Prime Minister of the Belarusian Democratic Republic. On 17 December 1919 he was arrested in Minsk by the Polish authorities that did not recognise the independent Belarusian state. Released in February 1920, Lastoŭski went to Riga. In 1920 he addressed the Entente states with a request to support the government of the Belarusian Democratic Republic. Lastoŭski also initiated the creation of the Union of Belarusian Parties for the Struggle for an Independent and Unified Belarus against Soviet Rule and against Polish Occupation at a Belarusian conference in Riga on 20 October 1920. From 1920 to 1923 Lastoŭski went on diplomatic missions to Belgium, Germany, the Vatican, Italy, Czechoslovakia, France, Switzerland, and other countries. In 1923 he resigned from the post of prime minister of the Belarusian Democratic Republic and withdrew from political activities.[4][5]

Between 1923 and 1927 Lastoŭski edited the journal “Kryvič” in Kaunas and published several textbooks. He headed the committee for the 400th Anniversary of Belarusian Book Printing: 1525—1925 as well as the Union for National and State Liberation of Belarus. In November 1926 he was invited by the Institute of Belarusian Culture (Inbelkult) to participate in an academic conference on the reform of the Belarusian orthography and was elected Head of the Graphic Committee of the conference. The refusal of the Lithuanian government to finance the journal “Kryvič” and the coup d'état of 17 December 1926 prompted Lastoŭski to relocate to Soviet Belarus in April 1927. He was appointed Director of the Belarusian State Museum, worked at Inbelkult, and was head of the ethnographic department of the Belarusian Academy of Sciences. During an ethnographic expedition organized by Lastoŭski, the Cross of Eŭfrasińnia Polackaja (the Cross of Saint Euphrosyne), one of the Belarusian national symbols, was found.[4][5]

In October 1929 Lastoŭski was dismissed as secretary of the Belarusian Academy of Sciences. On 21 July 1930, during an ethnographic expedition to Siberia, he was arrested in the Case of the Union of Liberation of Belarus. On 6 December 1930 he was deprived of his academic title which was restored to him posthumously in 1990. On 10 April 1931 Lastoŭski was sentenced to be exiled for five years to Saratov, where he directed the department of old prints and manuscripts of the university library.[2][4]

According to the Order No 33 of the Head Department of literature and publishing houses of 3 June 1937 on “The List of literature that has to be confiscated from public libraries, education institutions and bookstores” all the books by Lastoŭski had to be burned.[6]

Arrested again on 20 August 1937, Lastoŭski was convicted as “an agent of the Polish intelligence service and participant of the national-fascist organisation” by the Supreme Military Court of the USSR and executed in Saratov. Lastoŭski was posthumously exonerated in 1958 (first sentence) and 1988 (second sentence).[1][7][8]

• 

  The History of Belarusian [Kryuski] Books, by Vaclaŭ Lastoŭski. Kowno, 1926.
  Кароткая гісторыя Беларусі [Short History of Belarus], Viĺnia, 1910.

It was the first book that attempted to underline the Belarusian character of the Great Duchy of Lithuania and present known facts of the Belarusian History until 1905 from a Belarusian perspective.[1]

• Што трэба ведаць кожнаму беларусу? [What Every Belarusian Should Know], Miensk, 1918.
• Слоўнік геаметрычных і трыганаметрычных тэрмінаў і сказаў [Dictionary of Geometric and Trigonometric Terms and Sentences], co-authored with Klaŭdzi Duž-Dušeŭski, Kowno, 1923.
• Падручны расійска-крыўскі (беларускі) слоўнік [Concise Russian-Kryuski (Belarusian) Dictionary], Kowno, 1924.
• Гісторыя беларускай (крыўскай) кнігі: (Спроба паясніцельнай кнігапісі ад канца Х да пачатку ХІХ стагоддзя) [The History of Belarusian [Kryuski] Books], Kowno, 1926.

The fundamental book offered a survey of over one thousand of the most significant manuscripts, old documents, and old prints, dating from the beginning of the Belarusian literature in the tenth century to the nineteenth century.[4]