Min-max theorem

In linear algebra and functional analysis, the min-max theorem, or variational theorem, or CourantFischerWeyl min-max principle, is a result that gives a variational characterization of eigenvalues of compact Hermitian operators on Hilbert spaces. It can be viewed as the starting point of many results of similar nature.

This article first discusses the finite-dimensional case and its applications before considering compact operators on infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces. We will see that for compact operators, the proof of the main theorem uses essentially the same idea from the finite-dimensional argument.

In the case that the operator is non-Hermitian, the theorem provides an equivalent characterization of the associated singular values. The min-max theorem can be extended to self-adjoint operators that are bounded below.

Matrices

Let A be a n × n Hermitian matrix. As with many other variational results on eigenvalues, one considers the RayleighRitz quotient RA : Cn \ {0} → R defined by

where (⋅, ⋅) denotes the Euclidean inner product on Cn. Clearly, the Rayleigh quotient of an eigenvector is its associated eigenvalue. Equivalently, the RayleighRitz quotient can be replaced by

For Hermitian matrices A, the range of the continuous function RA(x), or f(x), is a compact interval [a, b] of the real line. The maximum b and the minimum a are the largest and smallest eigenvalue of A, respectively. The min-max theorem is a refinement of this fact.

Min-max theorem

Let A be an n × n Hermitian matrix with eigenvalues λ1 ≤ ... ≤ λk ≤ ... ≤ λn, then

and

,

in particular,

and these bounds are attained when x is an eigenvector of the appropriate eigenvalues.

Also the simpler formulation for the maximal eigenvalue λn is given by:

Similarly, the minimal eigenvalue λ1 is given by:

Proof

Since the matrix A is Hermitian it is diagonalizable and we can choose an orthonormal basis of eigenvectors {u1, ..., un} that is, ui is an eigenvector for the eigenvalue λi and such that (ui, ui) = 1 and (ui, uj) = 0 for all ij.

If U is a subspace of dimension k then its intersection with the subspace span{uk, ..., un} isn't zero, for if it were, then the dimension of the span of the two subspaces would be , which is impossible. Hence there exists a vector v ≠ 0 in this intersection that we can write as

and whose Rayleigh quotient is

(as all for i=k,..,n) and hence

Since this is true for all U, we can conclude that

This is one inequality. To establish the other inequality, choose the specific k-dimensional space V = span{u1, ..., uk} , for which

because is the largest eigenvalue in V. Therefore, also

To get the other formula, consider the Hermitian matrix , whose eigenvalues in increasing order are . Applying the result just proved,

The result follows on replacing with .

Counterexample in the non-Hermitian case

Let N be the nilpotent matrix

Define the Rayleigh quotient exactly as above in the Hermitian case. Then it is easy to see that the only eigenvalue of N is zero, while the maximum value of the Rayleigh quotient is 1/2. That is, the maximum value of the Rayleigh quotient is larger than the maximum eigenvalue.

Applications

Min-max principle for singular values

The singular values {σk} of a square matrix M are the square roots of the eigenvalues of M*M (equivalently MM*). An immediate consequence of the first equality in the min-max theorem is:

Similarly,

Here denotes the kth entry in the increasing sequence of σ's, so that .

Cauchy interlacing theorem

Let A be a symmetric n × n matrix. The m × m matrix B, where mn, is called a compression of A if there exists an orthogonal projection P onto a subspace of dimension m such that PAP* = B. The Cauchy interlacing theorem states:

Theorem. If the eigenvalues of A are α1 ≤ ... ≤ αn, and those of B are β1 ≤ ... ≤ βj ≤ ... ≤ βm, then for all jm,

This can be proven using the min-max principle. Let βi have corresponding eigenvector bi and Sj be the j dimensional subspace Sj = span{b1, ..., bj}, then

According to first part of min-max, αjβj. On the other hand, if we define Smj+1 = span{bj, ..., bm}, then

where the last inequality is given by the second part of min-max.

When nm = 1, we have αjβjαj+1, hence the name interlacing theorem.

Compact operators

Let A be a compact, Hermitian operator on a Hilbert space H. Recall that the spectrum of such an operator (the set of eigenvalues) is a set of real numbers whose only possible cluster point is zero. It is thus convenient to list the positive eigenvalues of A as

where entries are repeated with multiplicity, as in the matrix case. (To emphasize that the sequence is decreasing, we may write .) When H is infinite-dimensional, the above sequence of eigenvalues is necessarily infinite. We now apply the same reasoning as in the matrix case. Letting SkH be a k dimensional subspace, we can obtain the following theorem.

Theorem (Min-Max). Let A be a compact, self-adjoint operator on a Hilbert space H, whose positive eigenvalues are listed in decreasing order ... ≤ λk ≤ ... ≤ λ1. Then:

A similar pair of equalities hold for negative eigenvalues.

Proof

Let S' be the closure of the linear span . The subspace S' has codimension k − 1. By the same dimension count argument as in the matrix case, S' Sk has positive dimension. So there exists xS' Sk with . Since it is an element of S' , such an x necessarily satisfy

Therefore, for all Sk

But A is compact, therefore the function f(x) = (Ax, x) is weakly continuous. Furthermore, any bounded set in H is weakly compact. This lets us replace the infimum by minimum:

So

Because equality is achieved when ,

This is the first part of min-max theorem for compact self-adjoint operators.

Analogously, consider now a (k − 1)-dimensional subspace Sk−1, whose the orthogonal complement is denoted by Sk−1. If S' = span{u1...uk},

So

This implies

where the compactness of A was applied. Index the above by the collection of k-1-dimensional subspaces gives

Pick Sk−1 = span{u1, ..., uk−1} and we deduce

Self-adjoint operators

The min-max theorem also applies to (possibly unbounded) self-adjoint operators.[1][2] Recall the essential spectrum is the spectrum without isolated eigenvalues of finite multiplicity. Sometimes we have some eigenvalues below the essential spectrum, and we would like to approximate the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions.

Theorem (Min-Max). Let A be self-adjoint, and let be the eigenvalues of A below the essential spectrum. Then

.

If we only have N eigenvalues and hence run out of eigenvalues, then we let (the bottom of the essential spectrum) for n>N, and the above statement holds after replacing min-max with inf-sup.

Theorem (Max-Min). Let A be self-adjoint, and let be the eigenvalues of A below the essential spectrum. Then

.

If we only have N eigenvalues and hence run out of eigenvalues, then we let (the bottom of the essential spectrum) for n > N, and the above statement holds after replacing max-min with sup-inf.

The proofs[1][2] use the following results about self-adjoint operators:

Theorem. Let A be self-adjoint. Then for if and only if .[1]:77
Theorem. If A is self-adjoint, then

and

.[1]:77

See also

References

  1. G. Teschl, Mathematical Methods in Quantum Mechanics (GSM 99) https://www.mat.univie.ac.at/~gerald/ftp/book-schroe/schroe.pdf
  2. Lieb; Loss (2001). Analysis. GSM. Vol. 14 (2nd ed.). Providence: American Mathematical Society. ISBN 0-8218-2783-9.
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