Vedi (altar)

Vedi (Sanskrit: वेदी, romanized: Vedī, lit. 'altar') is the sacrificial altar in the Vedic religion.[1] Such altars were an elevated outdoor enclosure, generally strewed with Kusha grass, and having receptacles for the sacrificial fire; it was of various shapes, but usually narrow in the middle.

Modern replica of utensils and vedi used for Agnicayana, an elaborate Śrauta ritual originating from the Kuru Kingdom, c. 1000 BCE
Falcon-shaped vedi excavated from Uttarkashi; likely belonging to the Kuninda period.

They were used in various types of Yajna rituals, of which the lengthiest was the agnicayana, lasting twelve days. In Vedic times, offerings, often including animals, were burnt in the fire, and fully consumed by it. This contrasts with modern Hindu offerings to gods, which are all vegetable, and are preserved to be consumed by the devotees (which was also the case in other religions, such as ancient Greek religion).

Fire altars remain part of the rituals in some Hindu festivals and rites of passage; in particular circling around a sacred fire (saptapadi) remains an essential part of Hindu weddings.

Although Agni, the Vedic god of fire, has an important place in the mandala setting out the plan in Hindu temple architecture, in the south-east part of the temple, fire altars are not now a normal part of regular Hindu temple rituals. Modern fire sacrifices are covered at Homa rituals.

Types

As deduced from descriptions in ancient texts, the types of vedi were:

  • mahavedi, the great or entire altar
  • uttaravedi, the northern altar made for the sacred fire (agnyayatana)
  • dhishnya, a sort of subordinate or side-altar, generally a heap of earth covered with sand on which the fire is placed
  • drona, an altar shaped like a trough (Shulbas. 3.216)
  • adhvaradhishnya, a second altar at the Soma sacrifice

The uttaravedi was in the shape of a falcon (alajacita 'piled up in the shape of the bird Alaja'), and was piled up with bricks in the Agnicayana ritual.

Vedic altars are described in the circum-Vedic texts dealing with Kalpa (the proper performance of sacrifice), notably the Satapatha Brahmana, and the Sulbasutras say that the Rigveda corresponds to an altar of mantras.[2]

Fire altars are already mentioned in the Rigveda. According to Taittiriya Samhita 5.2.3., they are made of twenty-one bricks.

In ŚBM 10.4.3.14-20, the altar is made of 396 (360 + 36) yajusmati (special) bricks, and of 10,800 lokamprna (ordinary) bricks. 10,701 lokamprna bricks belong to the ahavaniya altar, 78 to the dhisnya hearths and 21 to the garhapatya. Around the altar are 360 parisrita stones (261 around ahavaniya, 78 around dhisnya, 21 around garhapatya).

ŚBM 10.3.1. describes that the altar is symbolically built with gayatri (24 syllables), usnih (breath, 28 syllables), pankti (mind, 40 syllables), tristubh (ear, 44 syllables), jagati (awakening) (48 syllables) and generative breath. The gayatri altar's height is to the knees, the tristubh's to the navel and the jagati's to a man's height.

Agnicayana
Main article: Agnicayana
Layer Number of yajusmati bricks in SB
5 138
4 47
3 71
2 41
1 98

In the Agnicayana ritual, the mahavedi (great altar) has a length of 24 prakrama in the east, 30 in the west and 36 in the north and south.[3] Inside the mahavedi, an altar is placed. In the smaller ritual space to the west of the mahavedi (pracinavamsa, pragvamsa), three altars are placed: the garhapatya (earth, west), ahavaniya (sky, east) and daksinagni (or anvaharyapacana, southwest). The round garhapatya and the square ahavaniya have the same area.[4] The Squaring the circle problem was also investigated because of such ritualistic considerations.[5] The ahavaniya altar has five layers (citi), representing earth, space and the sky.

Archaeology

The earliest falcon-shaped vedi is dated to the period of Kuninda Kingdom between 1st century BCE and 2nd century CE.[6][7]


See also

Notes
    1. www.wisdomlib.org (2014-08-03). "Vedi, Vedī, Vedin: 32 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2022-11-27.
    2. BSS 7, ASS 14.
    3. With 24+30+36=90.
    4. (one square vyama/purusa) SB 7. TS 5.
    5. Kak (2000)
    6. Pattanaik, Devdutt (2023-01-27). "How the Gayatri Mantra, composed by men, heard by men, for a male deity, became embodied as a goddess". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
    7. "Archaeological Survey of India Dehradun Circle -Uttarkashi". www.asidehraduncircle.in. Retrieved 2023-04-23.

    References
    • Subhash Kak. Birth and Early Development of Indian Astronomy. In Astronomy across cultures: The History of Non-Western Astronomy, Helaine Selin (ed), Kluwer, 2000
    • Subhash Kak, The Astronomical Code of the Rigveda, Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal, 2000, ISBN 81-215-0986-6.
    • Sen, S.N., and A.K. Bag. 1983. The Sulbasutras. New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy.
    • Frits Staal, Agni, the Vedic ritual of the fire altar (1983).
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