Vibrio natriegens

Vibrio natriegens is a Gram-negative marine bacterium.[3][5] It was first isolated from salt marsh mud. It is a salt-loving organism (halophile) requiring about 2% NaCl for growth. It reacts well to the presence of sodium ions which appear to stimulate growth in Vibrio species, to stabilise the cell membrane, and to affect sodium-dependent transport and mobility. Under optimum conditions, and all nutrients provided, the doubling time of V. natriegens can be less than 10 minutes. V. natriegens is able to successfully live and rapidly divide in its coastal areas due its large range of metabolic fuel. Recent research has displayed that Vibrio natriegens has a flexible metabolism, which allows it to consume a large variety of carbon substrates, reduce nitrates, and even fix nitrogen from the atmosphere under nitrogen-limiting and anaerobic conditions.[6] In the laboratory, the growth medium can be easily changed, thus affecting the growth rate of a culture.[7][8] V. natriegens is commonly found in estuarine mud. S.I. Paul et al. (2021)[5] isolated and identified many strains of Vibrio natriegens from marine sponges of the Saint Martin's Island Area of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh.

Vibrio natriegens
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species:
V. natriegens
Binomial name
Vibrio natriegens
Synonyms[1][4]

Pseudomonas natriegens [1]
Beneckea natriegens

Aquaculture and antibiotic resistance

Many strains of Vibrio, including natriegens, are pathogenic against farmed aquacultures such as the abalone and have recently resulted in destruction of farmed abalones when aquacultures get infected.[9] In response, fishers have taken to inoculating tanks with large amounts of antibiotics, which has resulted in Vibrio natriegens developing a potent antibiotic resistance to many drugs. In a recent study, the AbY-1805 strain of Vibrio natriegens was shown to be completely resistant against 17 of the 32 tested antibiotics and at least partially resistant against 22 of the 32.[10]

Biochemical characteristics of V. natriegens

Colony, morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of Vibrio natriegens are shown in the Table below.[5]

Test type Test Characteristics
Colony characters Size Medium
Type Round
Color Whitish
Shape Convex
Morphological characters Shape Vibrio
Physiological characters Motility +
Growth at 6.5% NaCl +
Biochemical characters Gram's staining –
Oxidase +
Catalase +
Oxidative-Fermentative Oxidative
Motility +
Methyl Red –
Voges-Proskauer –
Indole –
H2S Production +
Urease +
Nitrate reductase +
β-Galactosidase +
Hydrolysis of Gelatin +
Aesculin +
Casein +
Tween 40 +
Tween 60 +
Tween 80 +
Acid production from Glycerol +
Galactose +
D-Glucose +
D-Fructose V
D-Mannose V
Mannitol V
N-Acetylglucosamine +
Amygdalin –
Maltose +
D-Melibiose –
D-Trehalose –
Glycogen +
D-Turanose +

Note: + = Positive, – =Negative, V =Variable (+/–)

Biotechnological uses

Owing to its rapid growth rate, ability to grow on inexpensive carbon sources, and capacity to secrete proteins into the growth media, efforts are underway to leverage this species as a host for molecular biology and biotechnology applications.[11][12] Recently, V. natriegens crude extract has been shown by multiple research groups to be a promising platform for cell-free expression.[13][14][15][16] Scientists are also hoping that Vibrio natriegens, with its incredible growth speed, will make microbial experiments in outer space, where time is an extremely valuable asset, much quicker.  Interestingly, it has been shown that Vibrio natriegens, despite its incredibly quick doubling speed on Earth, might grow even faster in space.  A recent experiment displayed that after 24 hours of growth the Vibrio cells grown in zero gravity were 60 times denser than those grown in full gravity, possibly attributable to an extended exponential growth phase in low-gravity conditions.[17]

References
  1. Payne WJ, Eagon RG, Williams AK (1961). "Some observations on the physiology of Pseudomonas natriegens nov. spec". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 27: 121–8. doi:10.1007/bf02538432. PMID 13733692. S2CID 1165159.
  2. Woolkalis MJ, Baumann P (July 1981). "Evolution of alkaline phosphatase in marine species of Vibrio". J. Bacteriol. 147 (1): 36–45. doi:10.1128/jb.147.1.36-45.1981. PMC 216004. PMID 6787029.
  3. Baumann P, Baumann L, Bang SS, Woolkalis MJ (1980). "Reevaluation of the taxonomy of Vibrio, Beneckea, and Photobacterium: Abolition of the genus Beneckea". Curr. Microbiol. 4 (3): 127–132. doi:10.1007/bf02602814. S2CID 40579993.
  4. Baumann P, Baumann L, Mandel M (July 1971). "Taxonomy of marine bacteria: the genus Beneckea". J. Bacteriol. 107 (1): 268–94. doi:10.1128/jb.107.1.268-294.1971. PMC 246914. PMID 4935323.
  5. Paul, Sulav Indra; Rahman, Md. Mahbubur; Salam, Mohammad Abdus; Khan, Md. Arifur Rahman; Islam, Md. Tofazzal (2021-12-15). "Identification of marine sponge-associated bacteria of the Saint Martin's island of the Bay of Bengal emphasizing on the prevention of motile Aeromonas septicemia in Labeo rohita". Aquaculture. 545: 737156. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737156. ISSN 0044-8486.
  6. Coppens, Lucas; Tschirhart, Tanya; Leary, Dagmar H; Colston, Sophie M; Compton, Jaimee R; Hervey, William Judson; Dana, Karl L; Vora, Gary J; Bordel, Sergio; Ledesma‐Amaro, Rodrigo (2023-04-12). "Vibrio natriegens genome‐scale modeling reveals insights into halophilic adaptations and resource allocation". Molecular Systems Biology. 19 (4): e10523. doi:10.15252/msb.202110523. ISSN 1744-4292. PMC 10090949. PMID 36847213.
  7. Aiyar SE, Gaal T, Gourse RL (Mar 2002). "rRNA promoter activity in the fast-growing bacterium Vibrio natriegens". J. Bacteriol. 184 (5): 1349–58. doi:10.1128/jb.184.5.1349-1358.2002. PMC 134863. PMID 11844764.
  8. R. G. Eagon (1962). "Pseudomonas natriegens, A Marine Bacterium with a Generation Time of Less Than 10 Minutes". J. Bacteriol. 83 (4): 736–737. doi:10.1128/jb.83.4.736-737.1962. PMC 279347. PMID 13888946.
  9. Harrison, Jamie; Nelson, Kathryn; Morcrette, Helen; Morcrette, Cyril; Preston, Joanne; Helmer, Luke; Titball, Richard W.; Butler, Clive S.; Wagley, Sariqa (2022-03-01). "The increased prevalence of Vibrio species and the first reporting of Vibrio jasicida and Vibrio rotiferianus at UK shellfish sites". Water Research. 211: 117942. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2021.117942. ISSN 0043-1354. PMC 8841665. PMID 35042073.
  10. Li, Xuejing; Liang, Yantao; Wang, Zhenhua; Yao, Yanyan; Chen, Xiaoli; Shao, Anran; Lu, Longfei; Dang, Hongyue (2022-11-17). "Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Vibrio natriegens—Infecting Phage and Its Potential Therapeutic Application in Abalone Aquaculture". Biology. 11 (11): 1670. doi:10.3390/biology11111670. ISSN 2079-7737. PMC 9687132. PMID 36421384.
  11. Lee, Henry H.; Ostrov, Nili; Wong, Brandon G.; Gold, Michaela A.; Khalil, Ahmad S.; Church, George M. (2016-06-12). "Vibrio natriegens, a new genomic powerhouse". BioRxiv. doi:10.1101/058487.
  12. Weinstock, Matthew T.; Hesek, Eric D.; Wilson, Christopher M.; Gibson, Daniel G. (2016-08-29). "Vibrio natriegens as a fast-growing host for molecular biology". Nature Methods. 13 (10): 849–51. doi:10.1038/nmeth.3970. ISSN 1548-7105. PMID 27571549. S2CID 3533695.
  13. Wiegand, Daniel J.; Lee, Henry H.; Ostrov, Nili; Church, George M. (2018-09-12). "Establishing a Cell-free Vibrio natriegens Expression System". ACS Synthetic Biology. 7 (10): 2475–2479. doi:10.1021/acssynbio.8b00222. OSTI 1529064. PMID 30160938. S2CID 52135507.
  14. Wiegand, Daniel J.; Lee, Henry H.; Ostrov, Nili; Church, George M. (2019-03-15). "Cell-free Protein Expression Using the Rapidly Growing Bacterium Vibrio natriegens". Journal of Visualized Experiments (145). doi:10.3791/59495. PMC 6512795. PMID 30933074.
  15. Des Doye, BJ; Davidson, SR; Weinstock, MT; Gibson, DG; Jewett, MC (2018-09-06). "Establishing a High-Yielding Cell-Free Protein Synthesis Platform Derived from Vibrio natriegens". ACS Synthetic Biology. 7 (9): 2245–2255. doi:10.1021/acssynbio.8b00252. PMID 30107122. S2CID 52004914.
  16. Failmezger, J; Scholz, S; Blombach, B; Siemann-Herzberg, M (2018-06-01). "Cell-Free Protein Synthesis From Fast-Growing Vibrio natriegens". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 1146. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01146. PMC 5992293. PMID 29910785.
  17. Garschagen, Laura S.; Mancinelli, Rocco L.; Moeller, Ralf (2019-10-01). "Introducing Vibrio natriegens as a Microbial Model Organism for Microgravity Research". Astrobiology. 19 (10): 1211–1220. doi:10.1089/ast.2018.2010. ISSN 1531-1074. PMID 31486680. S2CID 201836980.


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