Vlax Romani language

Vlax Romani
Vlax Romani
romani shib
Native to	Bosnia, Romania, Serbia, Albania, Hungary, Israel; scattered in numerous other states
Native speakers	538,480 (2002–2014)[1]
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Western Zone Romani Vlax Romani; ; ; ; ;
Official status
Recognised minority; language in	Hungary, Romania, Poland, and Serbia
Language codes
ISO 639-3	rmy
Glottolog	vlax1238
ELP	Vlax Romani

Vlax Romani is a dialect group of the Romani language. Vlax Romani varieties are spoken mainly in Southeastern Europe by the Romani people.[2] Vlax Romani can also be referred to as an independent language[3] or as one dialect of the Romani language. Vlax Romani is the second most widely spoken dialect subgroup of the Romani language worldwide, after Balkan Romani.

Name

The language's name Vlax Romani was coined by British scholar Bernard Gilliat-Smith in his 1915 study on Bulgarian Romani, in which he first divided Romani dialects into Vlach and non-Vlach.[4][5] The Vlax Roma, a subgroup of the Romani people that speak the Vlax Romani language, originate from the former Roma slaves in the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (with the name "Vlax", which comes from "Vlach", coming from the latter), now Romania.[6] The words Romani and Romania are false cognates, the former deriving from Romani rom – ultimately from Sanskrit word ḍoma/डोम, and the latter deriving from Romanian român – ultimately from Latin.

Classification

Vlax Romani is classified in two groups: Vlax I, or Northern Vlax (including Kalderash and Lovari), and Vlax II, or Southern Vlax.[2]

Elšík[7] uses this classification and dialect examples (geographical information from Matras[8]):

Sub-group	Dialect	Place
Ukrainian Vlax	-	Ukraine
Northern Vlax	Cerhari	Hungary
	Hungarian Lovari	Hungary
	Hungarian Lovari	Slovakia
	Austrian Lovari	Austria
	Polish Lovari	Poland
	Norwegian Lovari	Norway
	Serbian Kalderaš	Serbia
	Italian Kalderaš	Italy
	Russian Kalderaš	Russia
	Taikon Kalderaš	Sweden[9]
	American Vlax	USA
Southern Vlax	Vallachian	Romania
	Ihtiman	Bulgaria (named after the city)
	Gurbet	Serbia and Bosnia Gurbeti
	Korça	Albania (named after the city)
	Italian Xoraxane	Italy (Xoraxane translates as "Muslims" in the dialect)
	Ajia Varvara	Greece (named after a suburb of Athens)

Writing systems

Vlax Romani is written using the Romani orthography, predominantly using the Latin alphabet with several additional characters. In the area of the former Soviet Union, however, it can also be written in the Cyrillic script.[10]

References

Vlax Romani at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
Norbert Boretzky and Birgit Igla. Kommentierter Dialektatlas des Romani. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag 2004. Teil 1: Vergleich der Dialekte.
"Romani, Vlax".
Yaron Matras (2002). Romani: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 219. ISBN 9781139433242.
Bernard Gilliath-Smith as „Petulengro“: Report on the Gypsy Tribes of North-East Bulgaria. In: Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society. New series, volume 9, 1915/1916, p. 1 ff. and 65 ff., especially p. 65: „In making a comprehensive survey of the Gypsy dialects of the whole Balkan Peninsula one would probably begin by distinguishing two great divisions — (1) the non-Vlach Dialects; (2) the Vlach Dialects.“
Hancock, Ian (1997). "A Glossary of Romani Terms". The American Journal of Comparative Law. 45 (2): 329–344. doi:10.2307/840853. JSTOR 840853.
Elšík, Viktor (1999). "Dialect variation in Romani personal pronouns" (PDF). p. 2. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
Matras, Yaron (2002). Romani: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-02330-0
Hansen, Björn; de Haan, Ferdinand (2009). Modals in the Languages of Europe. Walter de Gruyter: p. 307 ISBN 978-3-11-021920-3.
"Journey of Besieged Languages" (PDF). ilholocaustmuseum.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-16. Retrieved 2018-03-15.

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[e19-1] Vlax Romani at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)

[boretzky-2] Norbert Boretzky and Birgit Igla. Kommentierter Dialektatlas des Romani. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag 2004. Teil 1: Vergleich der Dialekte.

[ethnologue-3] "Romani, Vlax".

[matras_2-4] Yaron Matras (2002). Romani: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 219. ISBN 9781139433242.

[5] Bernard Gilliath-Smith as „Petulengro“: Report on the Gypsy Tribes of North-East Bulgaria. In: Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society. New series, volume 9, 1915/1916, p. 1 ff. and 65 ff., especially p. 65: „In making a comprehensive survey of the Gypsy dialects of the whole Balkan Peninsula one would probably begin by distinguishing two great divisions — (1) the non-Vlach Dialects; (2) the Vlach Dialects.“

[6] Hancock, Ian (1997). "A Glossary of Romani Terms". The American Journal of Comparative Law. 45 (2): 329–344. doi:10.2307/840853. JSTOR 840853.

[7] Elšík, Viktor (1999). "Dialect variation in Romani personal pronouns" (PDF). p. 2. Retrieved 17 September 2013.

[matras_dialects-8] Matras, Yaron (2002). Romani: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-02330-0

[9] Hansen, Björn; de Haan, Ferdinand (2009). Modals in the Languages of Europe. Walter de Gruyter: p. 307 ISBN 978-3-11-021920-3.

[10] "Journey of Besieged Languages" (PDF). ilholocaustmuseum.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-16. Retrieved 2018-03-15.