Explosive eruption

In volcanology, an explosive eruption is a volcanic eruption of the most violent type. A notable example is the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Such eruptions result when sufficient gas has dissolved under pressure within a viscous magma such that expelled lava violently froths into volcanic ash when pressure is suddenly lowered at the vent. Sometimes a lava plug will block the conduit to the summit, and when this occurs, eruptions are more violent. Explosive eruptions can expel as much as 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) per second[1] of rocks, dust, gas and pyroclastic material, averaged over the duration of eruption, that travels at several hundred meters per second as high as 20 km (12 mi) into the atmosphere. This cloud may subsequently collapse, creating a fast-moving pyroclastic flow of hot volcanic matter.

Mount St. Helens explosive eruption on July 22, 1980
Eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines on June 12, 1991 (PST). Its ash would spread as far west as mainland South East Asia.

Stages of an explosive eruption
An early stage of the July 12, 2009, eruption of Sarychev volcano, seen from space

An explosive eruption begins with some form of blockage in the crater of a volcano that prevents the release of gases trapped in highly viscous andesitic or rhyolitic magma. The pressure of the magma builds until the blockage is blasted out in an explosive eruption through the weakest point in the cone, usually the crater. (However, in the case of the eruption of Mount St. Helens, the pressure was released on the side of the volcano, rather than the crater.[2])

The sudden release of pressure causes the gases in the magma to suddenly froth and create volcanic ash and pumice, which is then ejected through the volcanic vent to create the eruption column commonly associated with explosive eruptions. The size and duration of the column depend on the volume of magma released and how much pressure it was under.

Types of explosive eruptions
  1. Vulcanian eruption
  2. Peléan eruption
  3. Plinian eruption
  4. Phreatic eruption
  5. Phreatomagmatic eruption
    1. Surtseyan eruption

Pyroclastic flows

Pyroclastic flows occur toward the end of explosive eruptions, as volcanic gases are depleted and the gas pressure that supports the eruption column declines. When the pressure falls, the eruption column begins to collapse in on itself, and ash and rock fall back to the ground and flow down the slopes of the volcano. These flows can travel at up to 80 km (50 mi) per hour and reach temperatures of 200 to 700 °C (392 to 1,292 °F). The high temperatures can burn flammable materials in the flow's path, including wood, vegetation, and buildings. Alternately, when an eruption has contact with snow, crater lakes, or wet soil in large amounts, water mixing into the flow can create lahars,[3] which pose significant known risks worldwide.

Supervolcanoes
Main article: Supervolcano

The eruptions of supervolcanoes are the rarest of volcanic eruptions but also the most destructive. The timescale between these eruptions is generally marked by hundreds of thousands of years. This type of eruption generally causes destruction on a continental scale, and can also result in the lowering of temperatures worldwide.[4]

See also

References
  1. Mason, Ben G.; Pyle, David M.; Oppenheimer, Clive (2004-12-01). "The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth". Bulletin of Volcanology. 66 (8): 735–748. Bibcode:2004BVol...66..735M. doi:10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9. ISSN 1432-0819. S2CID 129680497.
  2. Skinner, Brian J. (2004). Dynamic Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology. John Wiley & Sons. Inc. Hoboken, NJ. ISBN 978-0-471-15228-6.
  3. "Pyroclastic flows move fast and destroy everything in their path".
  4. Oppenheimer, C. (2011): Eruptions that shook the world. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64112-8
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