Walga Rock

Walga Rock, also known as Walgahna Rock and Walganna Rock, is a granite monolith situated about 48 kilometres (30 mi) west of Cue, Western Australia,[2]: 46 [3] within the Austin Downs pastoral lease.[4] It is one of the largest granite monoliths in Australia.[1]

Walga Rock
Walganna Rock, Walgahna Rock
Highest point
Elevation463 m (1,519 ft) Edit this on Wikidata
Coordinates27°24′01″S 117°28′08″E
Naming
English translationBlood that comes from the Kangaroo[1]
Geography
CountryAustralia
StateWestern Australia
RegionMid West
ShireShire of Cue
Geology
Mountain typeGranite whaleback[2]: 46 
Type of rockK-feldspar porphyritic monzogranite[2]: 46 
Official nameWalga Rock
TypeMunicipal Inventory
Designated28 November 1996
Reference no.6591
MunicipalityShire of Cue

It is of profound cultural significance to Aboriginal people; the Wajarri elders are the acknowledged traditional owners.[5] An extensive gallery of Aboriginal art exists within a cave in Walga Rock.[2]: 46 [3][6] While it is the subject of a great deal of research and fieldwork subsequent to a detailed examination conducted in the 1930s by the American anthropologist D. S. Davidson (who considered it to be "one of the most extensive galleries so far reported in Australia"), the first known European record of Walga is by Daisy Bates. Though she did not visit the rock and its gallery when travelling through the region in 1908, "Walga" is marked near the mining towns of Cue and Day Dawn and many other sites of Aboriginal significance on sketch Map 19 held at the State Library of Western Australia as part of her Special Map Collection.

Painting

Other than to the place and its ancient gallery, visitors are regularly drawn to an apparently anomalous painting of what appeared at first glance to be a European-tradition sailing ship. It appears superimposed over some of the earlier works and underneath there are lines of writing that to some resembles a Cyrillic or Arabic script. While the Indigenous gallery is in itself remarkable, there has been a great deal of speculation about the painting, especially considering it is located 325 kilometres (202 mi) from the coast. It has been argued that it was drawn by survivors of the heavily armed three-masted Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, commonly abbreviated to VOC) ships Batavia or Zuiddorp; or that it represents a "contact painting"[7] by Indigenous Australians who saw a ship on the coast and then moved inland. While there are many examples of Indigenous art depicting vessels on the Western Australian coast, including others showing what appears to be SS Xantho and possibly another steamer at Inthanoona Station east of Cossack, the Walga Rock painting is one of the most inland examples.[8][9]

Those believing the images represents a VOC ship, are of the opinion the middle (or main) mast of the three shown in the Walga Rock/Walganha Rock image had broken and fallen overboard. Ratlines (to enable the crew to scale the rigging), and some stays (holding the masts vertical) are depicted and seven gunports are evident along the hull.

Evidence now points to the image being that of a two-masted steamship with a tall funnel and Malaysian visitors to the Shipwreck Museum in Fremantle advised they felt the four lines underneath the Walghana ship could represent Jawi (a Malay-Arabic script).

SS Xantho: inspiration for the Walga Rock ship image?

Of the two-masted colonial steamships operating in the north-west of Australia, SS Xantho owned by the controversial pearler and pastoralist Charles Edward Broadhurst is the most likely inspiration for the Walga Rock painting.[10] Research indicates the Walga Rock "gunports" may not be false at all, rather they are most likely square or rectangular scuttles (port holes) that can be opened like a gunport. These often appeared on passenger ferries designed to operate in sheltered waters and were opened for the comfort of its passengers when travelling in calm waters and when it got too hot below decks. When SS Xantho was built in 1848 as a ferry, reference was made in its contract to it being similar to PS Loch Lomond which is known to have rectangular ventilation ports, for example.[11]

The first European account of the ship image appeared in the Christmas Edition of the Geraldton Guardian in 1928 and in looking since then to who the artist or artists may have been, research conducted by mid-west historian Stan Gratte, based on interviews conducted with "old Cue residents" and local station identities the Ryan brothers, indicates the Walga Rock painting was produced around 1917 at the time when Sammy "Malay", also known as Sammy Hassan, is recorded as having arrived there from Shark Bay. Apparently a "Malay" (the name generally but incorrectly describing indentured labourers who came to the north west from the islands north of Australia), Sammy Hassan remained camped for many years at Sammy Well outstation on the north east end of Dirk Hartog Island before leaving the Bay to join Wajarri people at a well near Walga Rock.[12] It is possible that Sammy Hassan was one of many hundreds of indentured "Malay" pearl divers who were transported to north west Australia in the early 1870s. Of these, 140 boys aged between 12–14 were transported on SS Xantho from Batavia, for example. Some "Malays" were abandoned by Broadhurst at Geraldton when SS Xantho sank in 1872 and many others suffered a similar fate three years later in Shark Bay. Research into the possibility the lines of writing were Arabic further cementing a possibly link to Sammy Hassan has not established the link, however and despite a number of contemporary sources linking Sammy Hassan with the image, others disagree with the date, some believing it to predate his arrival in the area. Additionally, Shark Bay legend has Sammy "Malay" dying from a shark bite at his outcamp "Sammy Well".[13]: 281  Further, though accepting the image is likely to represent SS Xantho in her most recent research anthropologist Esmée Webb disputes the Sammy "Malay" connection believing it to be a Yamaji "warning story" about pearlers capturing Aboriginal men and women and marooning them on offshore islands.

In 2020 the many claims and theories were examined in a paper entitled "The Walga Rock Ship: Chronicle of a Century-Old Unsolved Mystery".[14]

References
  1. Lewis, Christopher (15 August 2016). "WA's largest Aboriginal rock art gallery hopes to attract tourists, create jobs". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Western Australia. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  2. Van Kranendonk, MJ; Ivanic, TJ; Wyche, S; Wilde, SA; Zibra, I (2010). A time transect through the Hadean to Neoarchean geology of the western Yilgarn Craton – a field guide (PDF) (Report). East Perth, Western Australia: Geological Survey of Western Australia. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
  3. "Aboriginal Art – Walga Rock". Shire of Cue. 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  4. "Walga Rock". InHerit. Heritage Council of Western Australia.
  5. "Agreement to return Walga Rock to the custodial care of its traditional owners". The Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements database (ATNS). 11 July 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  6. "Aboriginal Sites – Western Australia: Walga Rock, East Murchison region". Australia For Everyone. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  7. Bigourdan, Nicolas (2006). Aboriginal Watercraft Depictions in Western Australia (PDF) (Report). Department of Maritime Archaeology, Western Australian Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  8. Reynolds, Robert (1987). "The Indenoona Contact Site: A Preliminary Report of an Engraving Site in the Pilbara Region of Western Australia". Australian Archaeology. 25 (1): 80–87. doi:10.1080/03122417.1987.12093126.
  9. Paterson, Alistair; Wilson, Andrew (2009). "Indigenous Perceptions of Contact at Inthanoona, Northwest Western Australia". Archaeology in Oceania. 44 (S1): 99–111. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4453.2009.tb00071.x.
  10. "The potential Xantho/Broadhurst Exhibition – a vision statement". Western Australian Museum. 2004. Archived from the original on 25 August 2006. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  11. McCarthy, M. (2017). Xantho and the Broadhursts. Carlisle, Western Australia: Hesperian Press. pp. 71–73. ISBN 978-0-85905-676-2.
  12. "OtherSites". Western Australian Maritime Museum. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  13. Edwards, Hugh (1999). Shark Bay through Four Centuries, 1616-2000: A World Heritage Area. Shire of Shark Bay. ISBN 9780957754003.
  14. McCarthy, M. (2020). "The Walga Rock Ship: Chronicle of a Century-Old Unsolved Mystery". The Great Circle. Australian Association for Maritime History. 42 (1): 88–125.

Further reading
  • Bigourdan, N., & McCarthy, M., 2007. Aboriginal watercraft depictions in Australia: on land and underwater? Bulletin of the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, 31: 1-10.
  • Gunn, R. G. et al. (1997)_Walga Rock (Walganha) : a Wajarri rock art and Dreaming site in the Murchison Basin, Western Australia : WA Register of Aboriginal sites no. P249 / a report to the Yamaji Language Centre, Geraldton and the Australian Heritage Commission, Perth ; by R.G. Gunn, R.E. Webb and D.E. Marmion. Geraldton, W.A. : Yamaji Language Centre.
  • Hussey, B.M.J. (2003) Ferals at Walga Rock.(regarding feral animals) Western Australian naturalist, Vol.24, no.2 (30 Dec. 2003), p. 115-117
  • Jenkinson, Charles.(2004) Site returned. Wilgie Mia and Walga Rock handed over to their traditional owners - the custodianship of the Wajarri Tribal Elders. Geraldton guardian, 19 Nov. 2004, p. 13
  • Laud, Peter.(2001) Rock art under study. Destinations, Mar/Apr. 2001, p. 8-9,
  • McCarthy, M., 2000. "Iron and steamship archaeology:success and failure on the SS Xantho". Kluwer/Plenum. p. 60-1.
  • McCarthy, Michael (2007). "Miscellaneous Sites: Sammy Well" (PDF). In Green, Jeremy (ed.). Report on the 2006 Western Australian Museum, Department of Maritime Archaeology, Cape Inscription National Heritage Listing Archaeological Survey (Report). Fremantle, Western Australia: Australian National Centre of Excellence for Maritime Archaeology, Department of Maritime Archaeology, Western Australian Maritime Museum. pp. 195–202. ISBN 10876465360. Retrieved 25 April 2021.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link)
  • Playford, P., 1996, "Carpet of Silver: the wreck of the Zuytdorp". UWA Press, Nedlands.WA.
  • Webb, R. E. and Gunn, R.G.(1999) Walga Rock. Part 2: preliminary artefact analysis, detailed art recording: Western Australian Register of Aboriginal Sites no. P249 / second report to the Yamaji Language Centre, Geraldton and the Australian Heritage Commission, Canberra. East Perth, W.A.: Distributed by the Heritage Council of W.A.
  • Webb, R. E. (2003) Management work undertaken at Walganha (Walga Rock), an Aboriginal rock-art site, near Cue, Western Australia / a report to the Heritage Assistance & Projects Section, Department of Environment & Heritage, Canberra, ACT, Thoo Thoo Warninha Aboriginal Corporation, Cue, WA, and the Shire of Cue . East Perth, W.A. Distributed by the Heritage Council of W.A..
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