Wanyan

The Wanyan (traditional Chinese: 完顏; simplified Chinese: 完颜; pinyin: Wányán; Manchu: ᠸᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ Wanggiyan; Jurchen script: ), alternatively rendered as Wanggiya, was a clan of the Heishui Mohe tribe living in the drainage region of the Heilong River during the time of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty. Of the Heishui Mohe, the clan was counted by the Liao dynasty among the "uncivilized Jurchens" (生女真), indicating that the clan was not subject to the direct rule of the Liao emperors. Those Heishui Mohe clans ruled by the Liao dynasty were referred to as "civilized Jurchens" (熟女真). The Wanyan clan later founded the Jin dynasty.

This article is about the clan of the Heishui Mohe tribe. For the surname, see Wanggiya (surname).
Wanyan
CountryJin Empire
Founded1115
FounderWanyan Aguda
Final rulerWanyan Chenglin
TitlesEmperor of the Jin Empire
Estate(s)Palaces in Huining Prefecture and Zhongdu
Deposition1234

Origins

The origins of the clan are obscure. According to sources such as the History of Jin (Jinshi 金史) and the Research on the Origin of the Manchus (Manzhou yuanliu kao 滿洲源流考), the clan's progenitor Hanpu emigrated from the kingdom of Goryeo or Silla at the age of sixty and married a sixty-year-old local woman who bore him three children.[1] However, controversy exists as to the ethno-cultural identity of Hanpu, and the factual validity of the story itself.

However Wanyan Yingge initiated an invasion of the Korean peninsula and Yingge's paternal nephew Wanyan Wuyashu fought against the Koreans, forcing them to submit and recognize Jurchens as overlords after "pacifying" the border between the Koreans and Jurchens.[2] Yingge died during the conquest of Helandian (曷懶甸; present-day Hamgyong Province, North Korea) after pacifying the Tumen River basin. Wuyashu resumed the project in the next year. Under his order, Shishihuan (石適歡) led a Wanyan army from the Tumen River basin to subdue rival Jurchen tribes in Helandian and advance southward to chase about 1,800 remnants who defected to the Korean kingdom Goryeo. Goryeo did not hand them over but sent Im Gan (林幹) to intercept the Wanyan army. However, Shishihuan defeated Im Gan north of the Chŏngp'ŏyng wall and invaded northeastern frontier of Goryeo. Goryeo dispatched Yun Gwan to resist the Jurchens but lost in battle again. As a result, Wuyashu subjugated the Jurchens in Helandian.

In 1107, Goryeo sent a delegate, Heihuanfangshi (黑歡方石), to celebrate Wuyashu's accession to the chieftainship of the Wanyan tribe, and promised to return those Helandian Jurchens who escaped to Goryeo. However, when Wuyashu's delegates, Aguo (阿聒) and Wulinda Shengkun (烏林答勝昆), arrived in Goryeo, the Koreans killed them and dispatched five large armies led by Yun Gwan to attack Helandian. The Goryeo army destroyed a hundred Jurchen villages and built nine fortresses there. Wuyashu thought about giving up Helandian, but his brother Aguda convinced him to dispatch Wosai (斡賽), another of their brothers, to fight Goryeo. Wosai also built nine fortresses facing Goryeo's nine fortresses. After a one-year battle, the Wanyan army won two fortresses but they suffered heavy losses and seven other fortresses were still held by the Goryeo forces. Jurchens offered a truce to Goryeo and Goryeo and the Jurchens achieved a settlement. As a result, Jurchens swore not to invade Goryeo and Goryeo withdrew from the nine fortresses.

Wuyashu also pacified the Suifen River basin.

Founding of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty
A bixi stone originally erected on the grave of Wanyan Asikui (完顏阿思魁, ?-1136), one of Aguda's generals, near modern-day Ussuriysk in 1193. The monument is now exhibited in Khabarovsk Regional Museum.

In 1115 AD, Wanyan Aguda, the chieftain of the Wanyan clan at the time, founded the Jin dynasty. Before his death in 1123, he also ended the Liao dynasty. Two years later, his brother Wanyan Wuqimai invaded the Song dynasty and conquered northern China in the Jin–Song Wars. Thereafter the Jurchens became sinicized; this can be seen in the sinicization of the surname "Wanyan" to "Wang" in the official Jurchen historical records.

Downfall and in the modern day

The Jin dynasty was destroyed in 1234 AD. After their victory, Mongol declared that people with the surname "Wanyan" were considered to be related to the royal line of the Jin dynasty, and therefore such individuals were to be executed immediately. For the sake of survival, those people with the surname "Wanyan" either changed the name to Wang or moved to a remote area to avoid capture and execution and used the Manchu format Wanggiyan. In present-day China, few descendants have kept the surname "Wanyan."

Notable figures

Males
  • Aguda 1115–1123,founder of Jin dynasty
  • Wuqimai 1123–1135,emperor Taizong of Jin
  • Dan 1135–1149,emperor Xizong of Jin
  • Liang 1149–1161, fourth emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty
  • Yong 1161–1189, Emperor Shizong of Jin
  • Jing 1189–1208 Emperor Zhangzong of Jin
  • Yungong,Emperor Shizong's second son and heir apparent
  • Xun 1213–1224,Emperor Xuanzong of Jin
  • Shouxu, Emperor Aizong of Jin
  • Chenglin,Emperor Mo of Jin
  • Xongbi, military general and civil minister of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty, also known as Wushu
  • Yongji
  • Heda
  • Chenheshang
  • Zhanhan
  • Hafeng'a (哈丰阿), held a title of master commandant of light chariot (轻车都尉, pinyin: qingcheduwei)
  • Qing'en (庆恩), served as sixth rank literary official
Prince Consort
DatePrince ConsortPrincess
1609Chuoheluo (綽和絡)Šurhaci's seventh daughter (b. 1597) by secondary consort (Gūwalgiya)
1943Ailan (愛蘭; 1921–2005)Zaifeng's sixth daughter (Yunyu; 1919–1982) by secondary consort (Denggiya)

Females

Imperial Consort

  • Imperial Concubine

Princess Consort

  • Primary Consort
    • Yunti's primary consort, the mother of Hongming (1705–1767) and Hongkai (1707–1759)
  • Secondary Consort
    • Yunreng's secondary consort, the mother of Hongtiao (1714–1774) and Hongbing (1720–1763)
    • Yongzhang's secondary consort, the mother of first son (1756)
    • Yongcheng's secondary consort, the mother of Mianhui (1764–1796), second son (1766), third son (1767–1769), Princess (1769–1787), fourth son (1771) and Princess (b. 1776)
    • Yicong's secondary consort, the mother of Zaijin (1859–1896)
  • Concubine
    • Yunzhi's concubine, the mother of Hongyi (1715–1754)
    • Yuntang's concubine, the mother of first daughter (1701–1725), Lady (1704–1727) and Hongding (1711–1782)

See also

References
  1. Original passage: 金之始祖諱函普，初從高麗來，年已六十餘矣. From Jinshi 金史, chapter 1; Zhonghua shuju edition (1974), p. 2. The same claim was later made in Chapter 7 of Research on the Origin of the Manchus (Manzhou yuanliu kao 滿洲源流考), which was presented to the Qing throne in 1777. That book referred to Hanpu as "Hafu" (哈富).
  2. Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland (1995). "An Overview of Chin History and Institutions". In Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland; West, Stephen H. (eds.). China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History. SUNY series in Chinese philosophy and culture Suny Series in International Environmental Policy and Theory (illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 27. ISBN 0791422739.
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