Wappo

The Wappo (endonym: Micewal[4]) are an indigenous people of northern California. Their traditional homelands are in Napa Valley, the south shore of Clear Lake, Alexander Valley, and Russian River valley.[3] They are distantly related to the Yuki people, from which they seem to have diverged at least 500 years ago.[4] Their language, Wappo, has been influenced by the neighboring Pomo, who use the term A'shochamai or A'shotenchawi (transcribed as Ashochimi by some authors), meaning "northerners", to refer to the Wappo.[5]

Map of Wappo territory by A.L. Kroeber, 1925.
For the language, see Wappo language.
Wappo people
A Wappo Woman, from Edward S. Curtis Collection
A Wappo Woman
from Edward S. Curtis Collection.
Total population
1770: 1,000–1,650
1850: 188–200
1910: 73
1977: 50[1]
2000: 250
2010: 291[2]
Regions with significant populations
 California (Clear Lake, Napa Valley, Alexander Valley, Russian River Valley)
Languages
English, historically Wappo[1]
Religion
traditional tribal religion
Related ethnic groups
Yuki people[3]

Culture

Prior to European colonization, the Wappo lived by hunting and gathering, and lived in small groups without centralized political authority, in homes built from branches, leaves and mud. Their woven baskets were so well-crafted that they were able to hold water. The Wappo are an indigenous people of northern California. Their traditional homelands are in Napa Valley, the south shore of Clear Lake, Alexander Valley, Sonoma Valley, and Russian River valley.

Late 19th-early 20th century Wappo basket in the Cleveland Museum of Art

History

When Mexicans arrived to colonize California, Wappo villages existed near the present-day towns of Yountville, St. Helena and Calistoga. Those on the south shore of Clear Lake were completely absorbed and dispersed to the Spanish missions in California. The mission accounted for at least 550 Wappo baptisms.[6]

The name Wappo is an Americanization of the Spanish term guapo, which means, among other things, "brave." They were known as brave for their stubborn resistance to Mexican domination, particularly their resistance to all military attempts from General Vallejo and his enlisted allies. In 1836 the warring parties signed a peace treaty.[7][8]

Population
Further information: Population of Native California

Alfred L. Kroeber put the 1770 population of the Wappo at 1,000.[9] Sherburne F. Cook (1976:174) raised this estimate to 1,650.[6]

By the early 1850s, the surviving Wappo were reported to number between 188 and 800.[10] However population dropped by 1880 to 50, and the 1910 Census returned only 73.[11]

Language

The Wappo language is an extinct member of the Yukian language family. A Wappo grammar has been written.[1]

See also

References
  1. "Wappo." Ethnologue. Retrieved 16 Dec 2012.
  2. "2010 Census CPH-T-6. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2010" (PDF). www.census.gov.
  3. "Wappo Indians." SDSU: California Indians and Their Reservations. Retrieved 16 Dec 2012.
  4. Loeb, E. M. (1932). The Western Kuksu Cult (PDF). University of California Press. p. 106. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-06.
  5. Kroeber, A. L. (1925). Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology. p. 219. hdl:2027/mdp.39015006584174.
  6. Cook, p. 174
  7. 1500 California Place Names: Their Origin and Meaning by William Bright. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1998.
  8. Gudde, Erwin; William Bright (2004). California Place Names (Fourth ed.). University of California Press. p. 163. ISBN 0-520-24217-3.
  9. Kroeber, p. 883
  10. Cook, pp.239, 351, 357
  11. Cook, pp. 239, 351

Sources
  • Cook, Sherburne F. The Conflict Between the California Indian and White Civilization. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1976. ISBN 0-520-03143-1.
  • Kroeber, Alfred L. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C.
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