Washington and Old Dominion Railroad

The Washington and Old Dominion Railroad (colloquially referred to as the W&OD and sometimes the "Virginia Creeper") was an intrastate short-line railroad located in Northern Virginia, United States. The railroad was a successor to the bankrupt Washington and Old Dominion Railway and to several earlier railroads, the first of which began operating in 1859. The railroad closed in 1968.

Washington and Old Dominion Railway/Railroad
The former W&OD 57, a General Electric 70-ton diesel–electric switcher locomotive built in 1956, at the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's Riverside Yard in Baltimore in January 1969.[1]
Overview
HeadquartersWashington, D.C., Arlington, Virginia
Reporting markWOD
LocaleVirginia
Dates of operation1912–1968
Technical
Track gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Length72 miles (116 kilometres)

The Railroad's oldest line extended from Alexandria on the Potomac River northwest to Bluemont at the base of the Blue Ridge Mountains near Snickers Gap, not far from the boundary line between Virginia and West Virginia. The railroad's route largely paralleled the routes of the Potomac River and the present Virginia State Route 7. The single-tracked line followed the winding course of Four Mile Run upstream from Alexandria through Arlington to Falls Church. At that point, the railroad was above the Fall Line and was able to follow a more direct northwesterly course in Virginia through Dunn Loring, Vienna, Sunset Hills (now in Reston), Herndon, Sterling, Ashburn and Leesburg. The line turned sharply to the west after passing through Clarke's Gap in Catoctin Mountain west of Leesburg. Its tracks then continued westward through Paeonian Springs, Hamilton, Purcellville and Round Hill to reach its terminus at Bluemont. A branch connected the line to Rosslyn.

The W&OD was one of the major commercial and transportation corridors of the northern Virginia area from the mid-nineteenth century through the mid-twentieth century. Though it never reached the Shenandoah Valley or the West Virginia coal country, or allowed Alexandria to compete with Baltimore for western trade as envisioned, it did play a significant role in the development of northern Virginia. It served as a local carrier that was extensively used and fought over during the Civil War; served Washington vacationers headed to the Blue Ridge mountains; hauled agricultural products into Washington; aided the development of Falls Church and Dunn Loring; and, at the end of its operational life, hauled materials used in the construction of Dulles Airport and the Capital Beltway. It is one of the few steam railroads in America to have transitioned to both electric and diesel operations.[2]

After the closure of the railroad, the track was removed. The Washington and Old Dominion Railroad Trail (W&OD Trail), the Bluemont Junction Trail, the Mount Jefferson Park and Greenway Trail, several other trails, Interstate 66 (I-66), and Old Dominion Drive (VA Route 309) have replaced much of the railroad's route.

History

Predecessors of the W&OD (1855–1911)
Library of Congress
Lewis McKenzie, between 1860 and 1875
A Union Army train running on the line was the focus of a Confederate States Army attack in the 1861 Battle of Vienna, Virginia

The Washington and Old Dominion Railroad was originally incorporated as the Alexandria and Harper's Ferry (A&HF) Railroad in 1847. The goal of the A&HF was to connect to the Winchester and Potomac River Railroad in Harper's Ferry and thus redirect trade from the Shenandoah that had started going to Baltimore via the Baltimore and Ohio (B&O) Railroad. But in 1848, the Winchester and Potomac became part of the B&O putting an end to that plan.

In 1853 the charter of the A&HF was amended to change the name to the Alexandria, Loudoun and Hampshire (AL&H) Railroad and change the route to head for Paddytown in what is now West Virginia and there connect with a railroad serving the coal fields. Construction on the line began in 1855, under the presidency of Lewis McKenzie.[3] Still intending to cross the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Shenandoah River to reach the coal fields that are now within Mineral County, West Virginia, the AL&H began operating to Vienna in 1859 from a terminal near Princess and Fairfax Streets in Alexandria's present Old Town neighborhood.[4][2]

In early 1860, service was extended to Ashburn and in May to Leesburg in Loudoun County, and the right-of-way had been graded all the way to Clarke's Gap. One of the early passengers was President James Buchanen when visiting his summer White House, the Sterling Hotel in Sterling.[2]

Because of its proximity to Washington, D.C., the line saw much use and disruption during the Civil War.[5] In May 1861 it was seized by Union forces and incorporated into the U.S. Military Railroad. A month later, under General Lee's orders, retreating Confederate troops destroyed much of the line west of Vienna. The Union primarily used the railroad to bring wood into Washington and to supply Union troops at camps south of the city. On June 17, 1861, it was the site of a small battle, when troops from South Carolina ambushed the train near Vienna. The line also benefited from the war, because the Union built connections from it to the Alexandria & Washington railroad and the Orange and Alexandria as well as a new railroad bridge across the Potomac with the AL&H was able to access. At the end of the war, the railroad helped transport the Army of the Potomac back to Washington and on August 8, 1865, it was returned to its original owners. Because of the damage and neglect, service was not restored to Leesburg until 1867.[2]

After the war, the line was extended along the grade built before the war, reaching Clarke's Gap in 1868; and the planned western terminus was changed from Paddy Town via Vestal's gap to Piedmont, WV via Snicker's Gap.[6] In 1870 the western terminus was changed again, this time to Point Pleasant, WV, which required a charter with the new state of West Virginia. In compliance with the new charter the name of the line was changed to the Washington and Ohio Railroad. At the same time, the line was extended to Hamilton and passenger service was doubled[7] In 1874, the line was extended to Purcelleville and then Round Hill, grading began on the Winchester extension and a new 131-foot Howe truss bridge was erected over Broad Run.[6]

The expense of expansion, the Panic of 1873 and the burden of debt took their toll and in 1878, the Washington and Ohio went into receivership.[8] It was acquired by new owners in 1882 and they changed the name to the Washington and Western Railroad, but it only lasted a year before defaulting on their debt. It was sold again in 1883 and the name changed to the Washington, Ohio and Western (WO&W) Railroad.[9] During this time, owners purchased new rolling stock and upgraded the rail and several bridges.[2]

In 1886, through a series of consolidations, purchases and leases the Richmond and Danville Railroad took control of the WO&W through a lease agreement.[10][8] The Richmond and Danville also acquired a branch that paralleled the WO&W while traveling between Manassas and Strasburg, Virginia, where it connected to railroads in the Shenandoah Valley west of the Blue Ridge that the WO&W did not reach (see: Manassas Gap Railroad).[10][8] In 1888, the Richmond and Danville began to operate the WO&W's trains between Washington, D.C., and Round Hill.[10][8] During this time, President Grover Cleveland frequently rode the train to Leesburg to fish and the town of Dunn-Loring was platted along the tracks.[2]

In 1894, the newly formed Southern Railway absorbed the Richmond and Danville Railroad and acquired the WO&W.[11][12][13] In 1900, the Southern Railway extended the line westward for four miles from Round Hill to Snickersville, which was then renamed Bluemont; but abandoned all plans to go to West Virginia.[14] The extension was done to service tourist and day-trippers from Washington. The Southern Railway designated the line as its Bluemont Branch.[11][12]

John Roll McLean (1904)
Library of Congress
Stephen Benton Elkins

When the Spanish-American War broke out, the War Department built Camp Alger near Dunn Loring and the WO&W found new business ferry soldiers back and forth to the base. It even carried President William McKinley to Camp Alger to see the troops.[2]

By 1908, steam locomotives were hauling Southern Railway passenger trains from the new Union Station in Washington, D.C., to Alexandria Junction (north of old town Alexandria), where they switched to travel westward on the Bluemont Branch.[11] Connecting trains shuttled passengers between Alexandria Junction and the former AL&H terminal in old town Alexandria.[11] On weekends, express trains carried vacationers from Washington to Bluemont and other towns in western Loudoun County in which resorts had developed.[11][12][15]

Meanwhile, in 1906, electric trolleys began to run on the Great Falls and Old Dominion Railroad (GF&OD) northwest to Great Falls from Georgetown in Washington, D.C.[16][17] The line, which John Roll McLean and Stephen Benton Elkins owned at the time, crossed the Potomac River on the old Aqueduct Bridge and passed through Rosslyn. The trolleys then traveled northwest on a double-tracked line through Arlington and Fairfax County to reach an amusement park (trolley park) that the railroad company constructed and operated near the falls.[16] The GF&OD had been such a success, that they began to look for opportunities to expand and the Bluemont Branch made a desirable target.[2]

Maps
  • Confederate States Army map of Maryland and northern Virginia showing the route of the Alexandria, Loudoun and Hampshire Railroad, 1864
    Confederate States Army map of Maryland and northern Virginia showing the route of the Alexandria, Loudoun and Hampshire Railroad, 1864
  • United States military map of Washington, D.C. and northeastern Virginia, showing the route of the Alexandria, Loudoun and Hampshire Railroad, 1865
    United States military map of Washington, D.C. and northeastern Virginia, showing the route of the Alexandria, Loudoun and Hampshire Railroad, 1865
  • G.M. Hopkins map of Alexandria County, Virginia, showing the route of the Washington and Ohio Railroad, 1878
    G.M. Hopkins map of Alexandria County, Virginia, showing the route of the Washington and Ohio Railroad, 1878
  • Richmond & Danville Railroad system map showing branch to Round Hill,1891
    Richmond & Danville Railroad system map showing branch to Round Hill,1891
  • Richmond & Danville Railroad system map showing branch to Round Hill, 1893
    Richmond & Danville Railroad system map showing branch to Round Hill, 1893
  • Southern Railway system map showing branch to Round Hill, 1895
    Southern Railway system map showing branch to Round Hill, 1895

Washington and Old Dominion Railway (1911–1936)
Diagram of Washington area trolley lines c. 1920–1925 (enlargeable image showing the Great Falls Division of the W&OD Railway in dark green and the Bluemont Division in light green).

In 1911, McLean and Elkins formed a new corporation, the Washington and Old Dominion Railway.[18] In that year, they concluded negotiations with the Southern Railway to lease the Southern's Bluemont Branch and to take over all service on the branch on July 1, 1912.[19] The lease excluded the portion of the Southern's route that connected Potomac Yard with the former AL&H terminal in old town Alexandria.[19]

In 1912, the GF&OD became the "Great Falls Division" of the W&OD Railway, while the Southern's Bluemont Branch became a part of the W&OD Railway's "Bluemont Division".[20] The W&OD electrified all of its operations over the next four years, becoming an interurban electric trolley system that carried passengers, mail, milk and freight.[21]

From that time onward, W&OD trains crossed over Potomac Yard, which opened in 1906, on a 1300-foot long trestle constructed around the same time for the Southern Railway.[22] In contrast to the Southern Railway's earlier Bluemont Branch service, the W&OD Railway's Bluemont Division did not serve Washington's Union Station.[23]

In the first few months, they invested in several upgrades to the system. To join its two lines, the W&OD Railway constructed a double-tracked Bluemont Division connecting line that traveled between two new junctions in Arlington: Bluemont Junction on the Alexandria-Bluemont line and Thrifton Junction on the Georgetown-Great Falls line.[19][24] The connecting line passed through Lacey (near the west end of Ballston), crossing on a through girder bridge over a competing interurban electric trolley line, the Fairfax line of the Washington-Virginia Railway (see Northern Virginia trolleys).[25][26] By October they had electrified the Bluemont Division from Bluemont Junction to Leesburg and by December all the way to Bluemont.[2]

Most of the Bluemont Division's passenger cars or trains ran on the W&OD Railway's Great Falls Division's line from Georgetown over the Aqueduct Bridge through Rosslyn to Thrifton Junction. From Thrifton Junction, the trains ran on the Bluemont Division's connecting line to Bluemont Junction, where they met other Bluemont Division passenger cars or trains that ran from Alexandria, following Four Mile Run in Arlington. Some of the Bluemont Division cars or trains then continued their trips through Falls Church, Vienna, Herndon, Sterling, Ashburn, Leesburg, Clarke's Gap and Purcellville to terminate in Bluemont, Virginia, at the base of the Blue Ridge Mountains, following a route that was similar to that of Virginia State Route 7.[27]

The railway's electrification system distributed 650 volts direct current (DC) to its Bluemont Division cars and trains through overhead catenary lines, even though by 1912 this system was becoming obsolete by 1200 V systems.[28] Single overhead lines carried the Great Falls Division's electricity over its tracks.[29] Stationary and movable electrical substations containing Westinghouse alternating current (AC) to DC converters were located at Round Hill, Leesburg, Herndon, and Bluemont Junction. .[28][30]

The W&OD's main passenger line ran from Georgetown and Rosslyn through Thrifton Junction, Bluemont Junction and westward to Bluemont.[31] However, after crossing the Potomac River from Georgetown, many W&OD passengers transferred in Rosslyn to the trolleys of the competing Washington-Virginia Railway.[32] Most of the W&OD's freight trains ran between Potomac Yard, Bluemont Junction and either Rosslyn or various locations along the Bluemont Division.[31]

In 1917, John McLean died from cancer and the railroad ownership passed to his heirs and those of Elkins. The heirs had little interest in running the railroad and in 1918 and 1922 the Virginia Corporation Commission ordered the railroad to make improvements, which the absentee owners never did.[2]

In 1923, the W&OD Railway ceased operating from Georgetown when the federal government replaced the aging Aqueduct Bridge with the new Francis Scott Key Bridge.[33] At the same time, the railroad constructed a new passenger station in Rosslyn which became its "Washington" terminal.[33]

The W&OD Railway lost money every year after 1912 and fell upon particularly hard times during the Great Depression.[34] In 1932, the railway went into bankruptcy and was placed in receivership.[35] The receivers chose new management that cut employees in an effort to reduce costs. To further cut costs, the railway abandoned operations on the Great Falls Division between Thrifton Junction and Great Falls in stages with the process completed in June 1934. The abandoned railway route then became Old Dominion Drive (Virginia State Route 309).[33][36][37] In 1979, the old rail trestle of the Great Falls Division over Difficult Run was demolished after years of carrying automobile traffic on Old Dominion Drive.[38]

Washington and Old Dominion Railroad (1936–1965)
Library of Congress
Davis Elkins

In 1936, the Washington and Old Dominion Railroad, a new corporation that Davis Elkins (the son of Stephen Benton Elkins) had created, assumed operation of the remnants of the W&OD Railway, which consisted only of the Railway's Bluemont Division and the portion of the former Great Falls Division that had remained between Rosslyn and Thrifton (which was no longer a junction).[39][40] They negotiated a new, cheaper lease with Southern Railway.

Shortly thereafter, in 1939, the railroad began to scale back. It abandoned the western end of its line which had connected the towns of Purcellville and Bluemont but which had seen steep declines from passengers and from the closing of the flour mill in Round Hill.[39] Service ended in February and the rails and electrical equipment were delivered to Southern as salvage. In the same year, the signature station in Rosslyn was torn down to make way for a better entrance to the Key Bridge.[41] With fewer passengers they also closed the stations in West Falls Church, Sterling and Paeonian Springs. The railroad also discontinued its electrified passenger service west of Bluemont Junction in 1939.[42] In April 1941 it ended all passenger service.[43]

The 1940s was a time of continued change on the W&OD. In 1941, not only did they end passenger service (temporarily it would turn out), but they started to convert the railroad from electric to diesel or gasoline power; a process that was completed in 1944.[40][44]

In March 1943 the W&OD was forced to resume passenger service between Rosslyn and Leesburg to reduce the need for tires due to shortages caused by World War II,[45][46] but found few riders. It asked to shut it down in June, noting that they were using gasoline, which was also being curtailed for the war.[47] They used gas–electric motor cars, because the trolley wire had been removed in 1942 and sold as scrap to support the war,[48] and cars pulled by diesel–electric locomotives.[49] At first, passengers rode on the mail car, but in late 1943, the railroad purchased a passenger and mail car and after that they were forced to expand passenger service to Purcellville which they first did in February 1944.[50] Mail service by trolley railway was unusual, and in 1941 it was believed to be the only trolley railway postal service east of the Mississippi.[51] At first passenger demand was enough to justify the single train a day, but after the war ridership dropped and in 1950 it was scaled back. When the post office department cancelled its mail service contract on the trolley in 1951 that was the end of both mail service and passenger service. The last passenger train ran on June 7, 1951; thereafter, the railroad carried only freight.[52][53]

In 1945, the W&OD Railroad acquired ownership of the section of line between Potomac Yard and Purcellville that they had leased from the Southern Railway.[54] The Southern Railway retained ownership of the easternmost section of the railroad's route, which still connected Potomac Yard to the Southern's freight and passenger stations in old town Alexandria.

In 1956, believing that a site along the W&OD in Sterling would be chosen for a new steam-generated power plant, the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) purchased the W&OD from the Elkins estate. They did not change the railroad's name.[55] About a month after the railroad was purchased, a site in Maryland was chosen for the power-plant.

In 1957, the W&OD got new life with the construction of Dulles Airport for which it had the nearest railhead. Between 1958 and 1960, thirteen bridges between Sterling and Potomac Yards, including the one at Difficult Run that dated back to 1884, were replaced with larger ones and worn-out rails and ties were replaced. In 1959, hauling traffic for both the construction of Dulles and the Capital Beltway it had its most profitable year ever.

The 1960s were a decade of decline and closure for the W&OD as the Virginia highway department saw the right-of-way as potential highways. The highway department began negotiations to purchase the Rosslyn spur in 1960 and was trying to buy the mainline as early as 1962 for the construction of a road that was to become Interstate 66 (I-66).[56] In July 1962, the highway department bought the Rosslyn spur for $900,000 and in September 1963, the railroad stopped operating to Rosslyn. The railroad then its tracks between Lacey (south of Washington Boulevard) and Rosslyn by November 1964.[57][58] Work on I-66 would not begin until 1977.

Abandonment (1965—1968)

In February 1965, the Commonwealth of Virginia contracted to buy 30.5 miles (49.1 km) of the mainline between Herndon and Alexandria for $3.5 million. The C&O Railway then petitioned the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) for permission to abandon the railroad's remnant. The purchase would eliminate the need to build a grade separation where the railroad crossed the Henry G. Shirley Memorial Highway (now part of Interstate 395 (I-395)) at grade and at another grade separation for I-66. The purchase would also provide 1.5 miles (2.4 km) of right-of-way for I-66, saving the state $5 million.[59]

Business interests in Loudoun County, the Arlington County Chamber of Commerce, various state, county and local officials, railway labor organizations and 21 of the 133 shippers who still used the railroad's freight service opposed the purchase. The Northern Virginia Transportation Commission (NVTC), which was interested in converting the line to a commuter rail service, also opposed the purchase.[59] The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA), which at the time was planning to construct a rapid transit system for the Washington area, tried to postpone the abandonment in the hopes of using part of the right-of-way for transit.[60]

The highway department simultaneously made plans to secretly sell all but 4 miles (6.4 km) of the route to the Virginia Electric and Power Company (VEPCO) (now Dominion Virginia Power), whose transmission lines were running along the railroad's right-of-way.[61] In addition, the W&OD agreed to sell to VEPCO the remaining 17.5 miles (28.2 km) of right-of-way not purchased by the highway department. This included the 12 miles (19.3 km) north of Herndon, a 4 mile section at Vienna, one mile at the Alexandria end and two 1000 foot long sections at Sunset Hills and Falls Church . The sale would thus prevent the NVTC from buying the land for mass transit.[62]

In August 1967, transit advocates led by Del. Clive L. DuVal II (Fairfax-Falls Church) and WMATA secured a 60-day postponement of the abandonment while they put together a plan to use the right-of-way for transit.[63] However, according to WMATA general manager Jackson Graham, the estimated cost of using the full right-of-way for commuter rail was $70 million. Because WMATA did not expect the proposed transit line to be able to generate enough ridership to be cost-effective, WMATA rejected that option.[64]

The former W&OD 55, a Whitcomb 75-ton diesel–electric switcher locomotive built in 1950, at the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's Riverside Yard in Baltimore in January 1969.[1]

On November 10, 1967, WMATA announced that it had come to an agreement with the highway department that would give WMATA a two–year option to buy a 5 miles (8.0 km) stretch of the right of way from Glebe Road (Virginia Route 120) to the Capital Beltway (now Interstate 495 (I-495)), where I-66 was to be built. WMATA would operate mass transit in the highway's median strip. WMATA would have a 2-year option to buy the 10 miles (16.1 km) of right-of-way from the Beltway to Herndon for the use of commuter trains, an option that WMATA did not exercise.[65] A last minute offer to buy the railroad at its salvage cost and keep it running that the railroad's customers made was rejected in 1967.[66]

In 1968, the ICC decided to permit the C&O to abandon and sell its line. After initially planning to run their last train on January 30, 1968, a temporary restraining order kept the line open until August 27, 1968.[67] On the last day, B&O switcher 9155 pulled two empty lumber cars to Potomac Yard from the Murphy and Ames Lumber Company siding in Falls Church.[68] On August 30, the railroad shipped its three diesel locomotives to the B&O's Baltimore engine terminal, from which a salvage dealer purchased them.[68] By 1969, the C&O had removed all of its tracks and ties, except for some tracks that were crossing paved roads. In 1974, the railroad's bridge over the Capital Beltway was demolished to enable the highway to be widened.[69]

Legacy

In 1999, Virginia Department of Historic Resources staff determined that the "Washington and Old Dominion Railroad Historic District" was eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).[70] A 2000 NRHP registration form states that the Historic District is eligible for the listing because the District "is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history". The form contains an in-depth description of the District's historical resources and of the railroad's history, as well as maps that show the locations of the Districts's major historical features.[71]

Park

Great Falls Park was eventually purchased by the Fairfax Park Authority in 1953 and in 1966 transferred to the National Park Service wherein it became a National Park.

Right-of-way

45 miles of the railroad's original 54 mile long, 100 foot wide right-of-way remain today as the Washington and Old Dominion Railroad Regional Park, which features the W&OD Trail. The full right-of-way was first sold, in 1968, to the Virginia Department of Highways and then later that year, the land that lay west of the Alexandria/Arlington boundary passed was sold to Virginia Electric and Power Company (VEPCO) (part of which was incorporated into Dominion Virginia Power in 2000) for power line right-of-way. In 1977 VEPCO agreed to sell their land to the Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority (NVRPA) (now NOVA Parks) for $3.6 million.[72][73] NVRPA completed the trail to Purcellville in 1988.[74]

The Virginia highway department retained the section of the railroad's route that crossed the Henry G. Shirley Memorial Highway along the Arlington-Alexandria boundary and the portion of the route in Arlington immediately east of Falls Church, on which it built I–66.[72] WMATA then constructed a part of Washington Metro's Orange Line within the median strip of I-66 on that portion of the railroad's former route.[75]

Bridges

The railroad traveled along Four Mile Run on the east side and perpendicular to the flow of water on the west which resulted in numerous bridges. The bridge spans have all been removed, and in most cases replaced, but the bridge abutments and piers and stone arches remain.

Abutments and piers exist at the numerous Four Mile Run crossings, Piney Branch, Difficult Run, Broad Run, Goose Creek, Sycolin Creek, Tuscarora Creek and Leesburg Town Branch and almost all cases a trail deck now extends across them. At Tuscarora, the trail runs alongside the piers and abutments crossing the creek on a low-water crossing. The longest and highest bridge is the one at Goose Creek. The stone abutments and piers date from the original pre-Civil War period of construction, but other components have been replaced several times, most recently in 1981 when the current bridge span was built.[2]

Six stone arch bridges remain. They can be found at Clark's Gap, Sugarland Run, Piney Branch, Hamilton, Paeonian Springs and Four Mile Run. The oldest of these is the one at Sugarland Run that dates back to the original construction.[2]

Additionally, abutments carrying an old road over the tracks can be found in Loudoun County between Crosstrail Boulevard and the access trail to Rhonda Place, SE.[2]

The bridge over the Capital Beltway, built along with the beltway around 1963, was torn down in 1974 to accommodate Beltway widening.[76]

Culverts

Numerous stone and cast iron culverts remain from the railroad along the right-of-way. These carry the trail over smaller streams and drainages. On the eastern side the culverts are more likely to have been replaced by modern culverts as part of modern storm water management efforts.[2]

Tracks

Little, if any, of the track or ballast remain. When the railroad ceased operation most of the track was removed. Some may survive at intersections where the rails would be found under the road pavement.

Stations

Five stations or depots remain today:

Vienna has the easternmost surviving station which dates back until before the Civil War. Located at the center of Ayr Hill and Dominion Roads, the Vienna Train Depot has served as the home of the Northern Virginia Model Railroaders Club since 1975.[77]

The Sunset Hills (or Wiehle) Station survives just east of Reston Parkway. It served for some time after the railroad ended operations as a ranger station for the nearby park, but is currently unused.[2]

The Herndon depot survives as a museum. It was built prior to 1857, but did not reach its current form until around 1881. On June 18, 1979, the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior added it to the NRHP.[78]

The Paeonian Springs Shelter was originally located at Clark's Gap but moved to its current location in 1941 to replace the larger station that originally stood there.[79][2]

The Hamilton Station was built in 1870 and has an old grain mill next to it.[80]

The Purcellville train station was built around 1903–1904. It was purchased by the Purcellville Preservation Association (PPA) in June 1993 and subsequently restored in 1998–2002.[81][82] It serves trail users as a rest stop and community members as meeting space. It was added to the NRHP On May 28, 2010, by the National Park Service to the NRHP.[83] The Virginia Department of Historic Resources has added both it and the Herndon Station to the Virginia Landmarks Register.[84]

The Bluemont station burned down in 1920, but the grain elevator was left standing (and later built taller to serve as cell phone tower), and a scaled-down replica of the old station was built at the foot of the grain elevator. After the W&OD stopped running passenger trains in 1951, the Dunn Loring station served as the town's post office, but was then torn down in 1963.[85] The East Falls Church station, located south of the tracks on the west side of Washington Street, was torn down in 1970 to make room for I-66.[2]

Herndon Depot, August 2012
Purcellville Station, August 2008

Bluemont Division, Alexandria-Bluemont line
Stone arch at Clarke's Gap, August 2008

After the W&OD Railroad closed, the Southern Railway and its successor, the Norfolk Southern Railway, operated a spur between the Alexandria waterfront and a north–south route that traveled through Potomac Yard before the Yard closed in 1989.[86] The spur formerly served trains traveling from the eastern end of the Bluemont Division to the Southern Railway's freight and passenger stations in old town Alexandria.[86] As the Southern Railway owned and operated the spur and the stations, this section of track remained in operation after the W&OD closed.[86] Railroad operations ended on the spur in 2012–2013 when GenOn Energy's Potomac River Generating Station and the Robinson Terminal's Oronoco Street warehouse closed.[87]

A paved trail in Alexandria's linear Mt. Jefferson Park has replaced part of the Bluemont Division's course through that city.[88] NOVA Parks' 44.6 miles (71.8 km)-long W&OD Trail travels in the Washington and Old Dominion Railroad Regional Park within the Bluemont Division's former right-of-way from the Alexandria/Arlington boundary through Bluemont Junction to Purcellville.[89] The section of the Bluemont Division between Purcellville and Bluemont has not become a part of any trail, as the W&OD Railroad abandoned this section in 1938, thirty years before the remainder of its line closed.

Great Falls Division
Further information: Great Falls and Old Dominion Railroad

In 1906, the 15-mile electrified Great Falls and Old Dominion Railroad (GF&OD) began operating from Georgetown in Washington, D.C. to the present site of Great Falls Park in Virginia. From Georgetown, the railroad crossed the Potomac River on the old Aqueduct Bridge to Rosslyn in Arlington. From Rosslyn, the railroad traveled northwest along the later routes of Lee Highway (U.S. Route 29) and Old Dominion Drive (Virginia State Route 309) until it reached Great Falls. In 1912, the GF&OD became the Great Falls Division of the W&OD, sharing trackage with the W&OD's Bluemont Division between Rosslyn and Thrifton Junction.[90]

Thrifton-Bluemont Junction connecting line

The Thrifton-Bluemont Junction connecting line, a component of the W&OD's Bluemont Division, opened in 1912. The line connected the W&OD's Great Falls Division (formerly the Great Falls and Old Dominion Railroad) with the Bluemont Division's Alexandria-Bluemont line.

The line closed in sections in 1963 and 1968.[91] I–66 and the adjacent Custis Trail replaced the line between Thrifton and Washington Boulevard in Ballston. Arlington County's Bluemont Junction Trail replaced the line between Washington Boulevard and Bluemont Junction.

Bluemont Junction, where the Bluemont Junction Trail now meets the W&OD Trail, presently contains an Arlington County railroad display that features a Southern Railway bay window caboose.[92] The caboose was built in 1971, three years after the W&OD Railroad closed.[93]

Surviving Locomotives

At least four locomotives that the W&OD had owned or leased still survived in 2017.

IATR 50 (former W&OD 50) and IATR 54 in Mason City, Iowa, in 2009

In addition, at least one of the old auto-railers may still exist.

  • The W&OD purchased several auto-railer cars from the defunct Arlington & Fairfax Auto Railway. #109 was acquired by the Chicago, South Shore & South Bend RR in 1955 and equipped with a platform on the roof for working on the overhead wires in East Chicago, IN.[113] Sometime in the 1950s it was sold to the Grasse River Railroad in New York. Sometime after the GRR went under in 1959, it passed into private ownership and as of 2021 was stored at Clark's Trading Post in Lincoln, New Hampshire. It is the last known, remaining piece of rolling stock from the Washington-Virginia streetcars, but it has not been maintained and has been stored outside for 60+ years.[114]

See also

Notes
  1. (1) Locomotive described in Harwood, p. 137.
    (2) Coordinates of Riverside Yard in Baltimore: 39°16′05″N 76°36′22″W
  2. "Washington & Old Dominion Railroad Historic District Registration Form" (PDF). Retrieved August 18, 2023.
  3. Williams, p. 3.
  4. Harwood, pp. 12—15.
  5. (1) Williams, pp. 8–10.
    (2) "Photograph of United States Military Railroad locomotive (Clarke) (formerly of the Alexandria, Loudoun & Hampshire Railroad) at roundhouse in Alexandria during the Civil War". Archived from the original on November 7, 2005.
  6. (1) Williams, p. 27.
    (2) Harwood, p. 20—22.
  7. (1) Harwood, p. 20-21.
    (2) The Washington and Ohio Rail Road Company (1873). "The Washington and Ohio Railroad. A Glance at the country through which it passes, between Washington D.C., and the Ohio River, a distance of 325 miles". Philadelphia: Collins, Printer. Retrieved July 24, 2019 – via Internet Archive.
  8. (1) Harwood, p. 24.
    (2) Williams, p. 28.
  9. Williams, pp. 27–28.
  10. (1) 1882 system map of Richmond and Danville Railroad Archived May 31, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
    (2) 1893 system map of Richmond and Danville Railroad
  11. Williams, pp. 42–43.
  12. Harwood, p. 26.
  13. "1895 system map of Southern Railway". Archived from the original on November 11, 2009.
  14. Falknor, Susan Freis (March 11, 2008). "History of Bluemont - Railroad days". Welcome to Bluemont: Articles. Bluemont, Virginia: Bluemont Citizens Association. Archived from the original on June 24, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  15. "Complete Schedule Between Washington and Bluemont". Southern Railway Company. May 28, 1911. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) at Harwood, p. 29.
  16. Harwood, pp. 33–41.
  17. Williams, pp. 44, 71.
  18. Harwood, p. 45.
  19. Harwood, p. 46.
  20. Harwood, pp. 46, 49.
  21. Williams, pp. 45, 72.
  22. (1) Harwood, pp. 32, 46–47.
    (2) "W&OD bridge over Potomac Yard north of the Yard's St. Asaph station" (photograph). Archived from the original on October 22, 2018. Retrieved October 22, 2018 – via Pinterest.
  23. Williams, pp. 43–44.
  24. Williams, p. 72.
  25. Williams, pp. 107, 144, 156.
  26. ""Lacey Car Barn" marker". HMdb.org: The Historical Marker Database. Archived from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017. In 1896, the Washington, Arlington & Falls Church Railway began running electric trolleys from Rosslyn to Falls Church on the present routes of Fairfax Drive and I-66. By 1907, the line linked downtown Washington to Ballston, Vienna, and the Town of Fairfax. In 1910, the railway built at this location a car barn, rail yard, workshop, electrical substation, and general office. In 1912, the rival Washington & Old Dominion Railway began crossing the tracks on a bridge 200 yards west of here, traveling the present route of I-66 from Rosslyn. The line to Fairfax closed in 1939, but Metrorail's Orange Line follows its route through Arlington.
  27. (1) Williams, p. 43.
    (2) Washington and Old Dominion Railway timetables:
    Bluemont Division: Williams, pp. 40, 68.
    Great Falls Division: Williams, p. 67.
  28. Harwood, pp. 48–49.
  29. Harwood, pp. 39, 48–49.
  30. Williams, pp. 70–71.
  31. Harwood, p. 47.
  32. Harwood, p. 38.
  33. (1) Williams, p. 74.
    (2) Harwood, pp. 68–69.
  34. (1) Williams, pp. 74, 93.
    (2) Harwood, pp. 73–79.
  35. (1) Williams, p. 93.
    (2) Harwood, p.73.
  36. Harwood, pp. 77–78.
  37. King, 1934 (map)
  38. Hanson, Christoper (April 9, 1979). "A Rusted Old Trestle Falls, A Relic of the Car Era". The Evening Star.
  39. Harwood, pp. 79–80.
  40. Williams, p. 91.
  41. "Old Station Being Removed". The Washington Post. April 15, 1939.
  42. (1) Harwood pp. 80.
  43. "Old Dominion Rail Passenger Service Ends". The Washington Post. April 13, 1941.
  44. Harwood, pp. 83–84.
  45. "Scarcity of Tires May Bring New Life to Local Railroad". Loudoun News. January 1, 1942. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
  46. "W.&O.D. Re-Opens Passenger Service". Blue Ridge Herald. March 18, 1943. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  47. "Fight over W&OD Still Goes on". Loudoun News. June 10, 1943. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
  48. "Power Lines Salvaged for War Purposes". Blue Ridge Herald. December 17, 1942. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
  49. (1) Harwood pp. 81, 83–88, 137–138.
    (2) Williams, pp. 93–94.
  50. "W.&O.D. Service is increased". Fairfax Herald. February 4, 1944. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  51. "W&OD Offers 'Most Unusual' mail service, writer declares". Loudoun News. October 16, 1941. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
  52. (1) Harwood, pp. 90–91
    (2) Williams, p. 95.
  53. Troxell, Margaret (June 1951). "Gay Crowd and TV Cameras Bid Farewell to Passenger Train". The Arlington Sun. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
  54. (1) Harwood, p. 90.
    (2) Williams, p. 94.
  55. (1) Harwood, p. 97.
    (2) Williams, p. 96.
  56. (1) "Senate Enacts W.& O.D. Bill". The Washington Post. March 9, 1960.
    (2) Dewar, Helen (January 21, 1962). "Virginia Drops Plan To Buy W&OD Line". The Washington Post.
  57. "Rail Spur Quiet for While: But the Old W&OD Route Soon Will Hum With Autos". The Washington Post. November 16, 1964.
  58. "W&OD Rail Spur Bought by State". The Washington Post. July 10, 1962.
  59. (1) "ICC Examiner Favors Death of W&OD Line". The Washington Post. March 8, 1966.
    (2) "Want W&OD to Stay". The Washington Post. March 17, 1965.
    (3) Douglas, Walter B (February 9, 1965). "Railroad Agrees to Sell Right of Way to Virginia". The Washington Post.
  60. Flor, Lee (August 30, 1967). "Delay of Transit Talk May Bear on W&OD".
  61. (1) Harwood, pp. 106–107.
    (2) Williams, p. 109.
  62. "Secret Deal Disclosed on W&OD Line". The Washington Post. March 10, 1966.
  63. (1) "DuVal Asks Salvaging Of W&OD". The Washington Post. June 21, 1967.
    (2) Jay, Peter A. (August 2, 1967). "Transit Unit Wins Delay In Rail Case". The Washington Post.
  64. (1) "Law to Save W&OD Rails To Be Sought". The Washington Post. September 13, 1967.
    (2) "Two Steps Advance Accord on Transit". The Washington Post. September 9, 1967.
  65. (1) Corrigen, Richard (November 2, 1967). "WMATA Agrees On Rail Bed Route". The Washington Post.
    (2) "Ailing Va. Railroad Allowed to Quit in '68". The Washington Post. January 25, 1968.
  66. "Plant Owners Along W&OD Again Try to Keep Line Going". The Washington Post. November 20, 1967.
  67. (1) McLaughlin, Maureen (January 30, 1968). "Judge's Order Delays Closing of W&OD". The Washington Post.
    (2) "W&OD Limping to Extinction". The Washington Post. August 3, 1968.
  68. Harwood, p. 106.
  69. (1) Yarbrough, Charles (November 4, 1969). "Dulles Seen as Our Savior". The Washington Evening Star.
    (2) Braaten, David (April 7, 1974). "Bridge Taking a Hike". The Washington Evening Star.
    (3) Beckham, Nancy (June 12, 1970). "Old Station at End of Line". Washington Evening Star.
  70. (1) Ezell, Raymond (Virginia Department of Transportation Fredericksburg District) (February 29, 2012). "Archaeological Survey: Proposed Sycolin Road Overpass of Route 7/15 Bypass Leesburg, Loudoun County, Virginia: Management Summary" (PDF). Virginia Department of Transportation. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
    (2) Dutton + Associates, LLC., Midlothian, Virginia (October 2016). "VDHR #053-0276: Washington & Old Dominion Railroad Historic District (Eligible)" (PDF). Pre-Application Analysis for Cultural Resources of the Idylwood Substation at Shreve Road Project. Virginia State Corporation Commission. p. 5-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    (3) Schlupp, Catherine; Staton, Heather Dollins (Dovetail Cultural Resource Group, Fredericksburg, Virginia) (October 2016). "Phase IB Architectural Survey of the Proposed Soapstone Connector, Fairfax County Virginia" (PDF). Fairfax County, Virginia government. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 26, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    (4) "Transform I-66 Inside the Beltway: Eastbound Widening Environmental Assessment: Architectural Phase I Survey Report" (PDF). United States Department of Transportation: Federal Highway Administration and Virginia Department of Transportation. November 2016. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
  71. Neville, Ashley M. (Gray & Pape, Inc., Richmond, Virginia) (July 25, 2000). "United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service: National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Washington & Old Dominion Railroad Historic District (Virginia Department of Historic Resources (DHR) No. 053-0276)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) In Appendix J of Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority - Pre-filed Direct Testimony of Mr. Hafner, Mr. Mcray and Mr. Simmons, November 30, 2005 (Part 4), Case No. PUE-2005-00018, Virginia State Corporation Commission. Obtained in "Case Docket Search". Virginia State Corporation Commission. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  72. Harwood, pp. 106–107.
  73. Harwood, pp. 108–109.
  74. Harwood, p. 109.
  75. Harwood, p. 112.
  76. Stone, Sue (April 12, 1974). "Beltway Railroad Bridge To Go Down; But Will It Go Back Up?". Northern Virginia Sun. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
  77. "Vienna Railroad". Northern Virginia Sun. January 22, 1975. Retrieved August 24, 2023.
  78. (1) David, Elizabeth S., Historic Preservation Planner, Fairfax County Office of Comprehensive Planning (April 1979). "Herndon Depot" (PDF). United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service: National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form. Richmond, Virginia: Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    (2) "Herndon Depot: National Register Information System ID: 79003039". NPGallery Digital Asset Management System. United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
    (3) Greenberg, Ronald M. (Acting Chief, National Register of Historic Places). "Virginia: Herndon. Herndon Depot, Elden St." (PDF). Federal Register: March 18, 1980: Part II: Department of the Interior: Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service: National Register of Historic Places; Annual Listing of Historic Properties. 45 (54): 17484. Retrieved January 28, 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    (4) "Herndon Depot". National Register of Historic Places: Virginia – Fairfax County. National Register of Historic Places.com. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
  79. "Paeonian Springs Station". Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  80. "Hamilton Station". Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  81. "Purcelleville Preservation Society". Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  82. "Purcelleville Train Station". Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  83. (1) Kalbian, Maral S; Peters, Margaret T. (November 20, 2009). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service): Purcellville Train Station" (PDF). Richmond, Virginia: Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 27, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2018. and accompanying five photos
    (2) Director, National Park Service (June 4, 2010). "Weekly list of actions taken on properties for the National Register of Historic Places: 5/24/10 through 5/28/10" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places 2010 Weekly Lists. United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
    (3) "Purcellville Train Station: National Register Information System ID: 10000307". NPGallery Digital Asset Management System. United States Department of the Interior: National Park Service. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
    (4) "Purcellville Train Station". National Register of Historic Places: Virginia – Loudoun County. National Register of Historic Places.com. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
  84. (1) "235-0001 Herndon Depot". Richmond, Virginia: Virginia Department of Historic Resources. August 29, 2018. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
    (2) "286-5001-0233 Purcellville Train Station". Richmond, Virginia: Virginia Department of Historic Resources. January 22, 2020. Archived from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
  85. "Dunn Loring Station". Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  86. Harwood p. 112.
  87. (1) Sullivan, Patricia (September 29, 2012). "GenOn power plant in Alexandria is set to close". Local. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
    (2) Sullivan, Patricia (September 25, 2013). "Sale of Robinson Terminal warehouses to bring development to Alexandria waterfront". Local. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
  88. Stone, Jim. "The Washington & Old Dominion Railroad in Del Ray". Alexandria, VA: Del Ray Citizens Association. Archived from the original on March 29, 2008. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
  89. Harwood, pp. 108–109, 112.
  90. Harwood, pp. 39-46.
  91. Harwood, pp. 101, 106.
    (2) Williams, pp. 107, 131.
  92. (1) "Bluemont Junction Caboose". Arlington County, Virginia: Arlington County Department of Parks and Recreation. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
    (2) "Bluemont Junction Park". Arlington County, Virginia: Arlington County Department of Parks and Recreation. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
    (3) "Events Set for Third Annual Arlington Neighborhood Day". News Release. Arlington County, Virginia government. October 16, 1999. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013. Several park events have been planned as well, including dedication of the Bluemont Junction Caboose and Railroad Display at Bluemont Park ....
    (4) Coordinates of caboose at Bluemont Junction:38°52′23″N 77°07′57″W
    (3) Coordinates of intersection of Bluemont Junction Trail and Washington and Old Dominion Railroad Trail: 38°52′19″N 77°07′56″W
  93. Copy of Southern Railway records in album inside Bluemont Junction caboose.
  94. "Rolling Stock of the Utah State Railroad Museum: Cargill 6751: SW1". Utah State Railroad Museum: Spencer S. & Dolores Doré Eccles Rail Center. Ogden, Utah: Ogden Union Station. 2018. Archived from the original (photograph) on September 3, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2018. This locomotive began life as Baltimore & Ohio 213, and later became B&O 8413. It was sold to Arco Petroleum in Carson, California, and renumbered 8417, then later Arco 6971. Sold to General American Tank Car (GATX) in Colton, California, keeping the same number. Cargill purchased the unit from Western Railway Supply, a used equipment dealer, and moved it to Ogden in August 1993 for use at the company's Globe Mill. In 2010 it was replaced by a Trackmobile, and Cargill donated it to the museum. It was delivered on May 21, 2011, free of charge thanks to Utah Central and Union Pacific. It is one of the first SW1s to be built, and when sold to the B&O was classified as an NS1.
    While out of service at the elevator, vandals stripped the wiring from the traction motors, as well as from inside the cab which remained unlocked. Cargill funded the complete repainting and restoration of the locomotive to operation. Painting was completed in November 2011. Located on Track 1.
  95. Harwood, p. 137.
  96. Van Cleve, Jeff (July 4, 1996). "Cargill 6751". RR Picture Archives.net. Ogden, Utah. Archived from the original (photograph) on October 29, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2013..
  97. "Pictures of CRGX 6751". RR Picture Archives.net. November 27, 2020. Archived from the original (photographs) on November 27, 2020. Retrieved November 27, 2020..
  98. (1) "Cargill EMD SW1 #6751". Utah State Railroad Museum Locomotives. Archived from the original (photograph) on June 7, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2019..
    (2) "Cargill EMD SW1 #6751". rgusmrail.com. March 1, 2019. Archived from the original (photograph) on June 7, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2019. This SW1 unit was built by EMD in 1940 as #213 for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. The unit was subsequently renumbered BO #8413. It was sold to Arco Petroleum at Carson, CA, where it was renumbered #6971. It next went to the locomotive leasing company General American Transportation Corporation at Colton, CA. After the lease expired, the unit was stored at the GATX facility until it was sold through the dealer, Western Railway Supply, to Cargill. It moved to the Horizon Milling Company in Ogden in mid August 1993 and was repainted, lettered and renumbered #6751. It was replaced by a Trackmobile in 2010. Donated to the Utah State Railroad Museum in April 2011, it was moved to Union Station on 21st May 2011..
    (3) Daniels, Roger (June 27, 2020). "CRGX 6751(SW1)". RR Picture Archives.net. Ogden, Utah. Archived from the original (photograph) on November 27, 2020. Retrieved November 27, 2020..
  99. (1) Kerr, James (November 20, 2009). "Columbia & Reading ALCO S2 CORY 2-26". RailPictures.Net. Frank Sahd Salvage Center, Columbia, Pennsylvania. Archived from the original (photograph) on January 28, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2014..
    (2) k41361 (February 24, 2010). "Columbia & Reading S2.AVI". YouTube. Archived from the original (video) on June 29, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2016.Video of CORY 2-26 crossing Route 262 in Columbia, Pennsylvania..
    (3) "Columbia & Reading Railway No. 2-26". Green Initiatives. Columbia, Pennsylvania: Sahd Metal Recycling. Archived from the original (photograph) on September 27, 2013. Retrieved December 20, 2013..
    (4) Walker, Craig (September 27, 2013). "Columbia & Reading ALCO S2 CORY 2-26". RailPictures.Net. Columbia, Pennsylvania. Archived from the original (photograph) on January 28, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2014. Tucked away in a scrap yard in Columbia, Pennsylvania, is Columbia & Reading S2 2-26. This 1946-built Alco has put in the miles for a number of railroads, starting with the Chesapeake & Ohio (#5015, then #9165) followed by stints as GEX 106, FCIN 106, PVRR 27, CCCR 27 and JCNX 27..
    (5) "Pictures of CORY 2-26". Columbia, Pennsylvania: RR Pictures Archive.Net. Archived from the original (photographs) on December 23, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2017..
    (6) Central PA Locos (April 26, 2014). "CORY 2-26". Pictures of CORY 2-26. Columbia, Pennsylvania: RR Pictures Archive.Net. Archived from the original (photographs) on May 25, 2015. Retrieved May 25, 2015..
    (7) Darnell, Tim (July 28, 2016). "CORY 2-26". Pictures of CORY 2-26. Columbia, Pennsylvania: RR Pictures Archive.Net. Archived from the original (photograph) on January 27, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2017..
    (8) Painter, Kevin (October 27, 2017). "CORY 2-26(S2)". Pictures of CORY 2-26. Columbia, Pennsylvania: RR Pictures Archive.Net. Archived from the original (photograph) on December 23, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2017..
    (9) Painter, Kevin (February 13, 2019). "CORY 2-26(S2)". Pictures of CORY 2-26. Columbia, Pennsylvania: RR Pictures Archive.Net. Archived from the original (photograph) on June 7, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2019..
    (10) "HD Columbia and Reading ALCO S2 2 26 around Columbia,PA" (video). Alex Gillespie Rail Productions. February 14, 2019. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved November 27, 2020 – via YouTube. (9:38 minutes)
    (11) Painter, Kevin (January 21, 2020). "CORY 2-26 (S2)". Pictures of CORY 2-26. Columbia, Pennsylvania: RR Pictures Archive.Net. Archived from the original (photograph) on November 27, 2020. Retrieved November 27, 2020..
  100. (1) Harwood, pp. 131, 137.
    (2) 1941 and 1946 photographs of W&OD 47: Harwood, pp. 83, 88.
  101. "GE 44-Ton Number 30". Number 30. The Fonda Johnstown & Gloversville Railroad. Archived from the original (photographs) on August 8, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2016.Photographs of the former W&OD 47 as FJGRR 30, on the Great Western Railway of Colorado and as BJRY 44.
  102. Zygmunt, Chris (June 8, 2012). "BJRY 44" (photograph). LocoPhotos: Comprehensive Locomotive Archiving. Burlington, Iowa: Jack Hilton. Archived from the original on September 18, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2014. Lineage: ex GWR 44, ex Cargill, ex FJG 30, ex WOD 47
  103. (1) Zygmunt, Chris (June 8, 2012). "Burlington Junction Railway No. 44 (with 2013-02-24 comment by Jack M. Jakeman: "This was the locomotive that the railroad was started with.")". RailPictures.Net. Burlington, Iowa. Archived from the original (photograph) on December 21, 2013. Retrieved December 20, 2013..
    (2) Zygmunt, Chris (June 8, 2012). "BJRY 44" (photograph). LocoPhotos: Comprehensive Locomotive Archiving. Burlington, Iowa: Jack Hilton. Archived from the original on September 18, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2014. Lineage: ex GWR 44, ex Cargill, ex FJG 30, ex WOD 47
    (3) "Profiles of Railroads Operating in Iowa". Rail System Plan: Appendix A. Ames, Iowa: Iowa Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2014..
  104. (1) Lewis, Edward A. (1996). Burlington Junction Railway. p. 53. ISBN 0890242909. LCCN 96215170. OCLC 35286187. Retrieved December 23, 2017 – via Google Books. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
    (2) Miller, Gerry; Sink, Tom; Zygmunt, Chris (June 8, 2012). "Photographs of BJRY 44". RailPictures.Net. Burlington and West Burlington, Iowa. Archived from the original (photograph) on October 30, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2014..
    (3) Rumbut, Kris (September 11, 2014). "BJRY 44". Pictures of BJRY 44. Burlington, Iowa: RR Pictures Archive.Net. Archived from the original (photograph) on May 25, 2015. Retrieved May 25, 2015..
    (4) Mackey, Dan (August 5, 2018). "BRJY 44" (photograph). Burlington, Iowa: Flickr. Archived from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
    (5) Zygmunt, Chris (June 8, 2012). "BJRY 44" (photograph). LocoPhotos: Comprehensive Locomotive Archiving. Burlington, Iowa: Jack Hilton. Archived from the original on September 18, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2014. Lineage: ex GWR 44, ex Cargill, ex FJG 30, ex WOD 47
  105. (1) Harwood, pp. 68, 135.
    (2) Blake, Henry W.; Bozell, Harold V., eds. (June 25, 1921). "Manufacturers and the Markets: Rolling Stock". Electric Railway Journal. New York: McGraw-Hill Company, Inc. 57 (28): 917. ISSN 0095-9715. OCLC 2021289. Retrieved September 28, 2017 – via Google Books. Description of 50-ton Baldwin-Westinghouse electric locomotive purchased by the Mononghahela Valley Traction Company, Fairmont, West Virginia, circa 1921 and similar to W&OD 50.
    (3) 1922 and 1940 photographs of W&OD 50: Harwood, p. 71.
    (4) Rice, Leonard. "W&OD electric freight locomotive 50 in the Rosslyn shop yard". Archived from the original (photograph) on December 24, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2013.. In McCray, Paul. "Washington & Old Dominion Railroad, 1847 to 1968: A Photographic History". Archived from the original on December 10, 2015. Retrieved December 2, 2015..
    (5) Guillaudeu, 2013, p. 114. "This photograph from March 25, 1944, is one of the last images of Locomotive No. 50 in use on the W&OD Railroad. ... (Photograph by Leonard W. Rice.)"
  106. Harwood, p. 135.
  107. (1) Harper, James P. (April 7, 1947). "Washington & Old Dominion 50 at Cedar Rapids, IA". Don's Rail Photos. Don Ross Group. Archived from the original (photograph) on October 23, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2014..
    (2) Ross, Don (September 25, 1954). "CR&IC 58 at Cedar Rapids, IA". Don's Rail Photos. Don Ross Group. Archived from the original (photograph) on October 23, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2014..(3)
  108. (1) Harwood, p. 135.
    (2) Ross, Don (March 1960). "Kansas City Kaw Valley 507 at Bonner Springs, KS". Don's Rail Photos. Don Ross Group. Archived from the original (photograph) on October 23, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2014..
    (3) McDowell, Mark (May 1, 1960). "Motor 507 switching Lone Star Cement, 1960". Pictures of KVW 507. Bonner Springs, Kansas: RR Pictures Archives.net. Archived from the original (photograph) on November 2, 2020. Retrieved November 2, 2020..
  109. (1) the_trainman407 (July 14, 2012). "IATR 50". RailPictures.Net. AGP Ethanol Plant, Mason City, Iowa. Archived from the original (photograph) on December 23, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2017. Iowa traction number 50 is a 50-ton steeplecab, built by Baldwin-Westinghouse in 1920 as Washington & Old Dominion Number 50. It was acquired by the Cedar Rapids & Iowa City in 1947, was rebuilt and renumbered number 58. In 1955 it was sold to the Kansas City-Kaw Valley Railroad and became their number 507. Finally, in 1962 it was sold to the Iowa Terminal and renumbered 53, later becoming IATR 50. The unit is seen here switching out Mason City's AGP plant.
    (2) "Iowa Traction Railway Locomotive Roster". Iowa Traction Railway. American-Rails.com. 2020. Archived from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved November 2, 2020. Builder: Baldwin-Westinghouse; Model Type: Steeple Cab; Road Number: 50; Notes: Built as Washington & Old Dominion #50 in October, 1920. Acquired by the Cedar Rapids & Iowa City (Crandic) in 1947 as #58 and sold again to the Kansas City Kaw Valley Railroad (KCKV) in 1955 as #507. Finally, it was purchased by the Iowa Terminal in 1962, and renumbered #50 a year later..
    (3) Ross, Don (October 22, 1962). "Iowa Terminal RR 50 at Mason City, IA". Don's Rail Photos. Don Ross Group. Archived from the original (photograph) on October 22, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2014..
    (4) Schneider, Lynn (June 28, 1980). "Iowa Terminal RR 50 at Mason City, IA". Don's Rail Photos. Don Ross Group. Archived from the original (photograph) on October 23, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2014..
    (5) Rueber, James (May 24, 1986). "IAT 50 at Mason City, IA". Don's Rail Photos. Don Ross Group. Archived from the original (photograph) on October 23, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2014..
    (6) Menge, George (September 3, 1992). "IATR 50 at Emery, IA". Don's Rail Photos. Don Ross Group. Archived from the original (photograph) on October 22, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2014..
    (7) Richards, John (December 2001). "Iowa Traction RR 50 at Mason City, IA". Don's Rail Photos. Don Ross Group. Archived from the original (photograph) on October 23, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2014..
    (8) Blaszczyk, Andrew (September 24, 2008). "IATR 50". RailPictures.Net. Mason City, Iowa. Archived from the original (photograph) on September 18, 2014. Retrieved September 18, 2014..
    (9) R., Ryan; R., Jim (March 15, 2010). "IATR 50". RailPictures.Net. Mason City, Iowa. Archived from the original (photograph) on December 21, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2017..
    (10) "Pictures of IATR 50". RR Pictures Archive.net. Archived from the original (photograph) on May 25, 2015. Retrieved May 25, 2015..
    (11) "Pictures with BLW Serial No 53784 in them: Locomotive IATR 50 (Steeple Cab)". RR Pictures Archive.Net. Archived from the original (photographs) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 25, 2015..
    (12) Guillaudeu, 2013, p. 115 Photograph legend: "A railfan pretends to operate the Class B Baldwin-Westinghouse Locomotive No. 50 on September 20, 2009, where it is still in use on the Iowa Traction Railroad, almost 90 years after it was finished, in February 1921."
  110. Videos of IATR 50 in operation:
    (1) jfreelan1964 (September 16, 2010). "Iowa Traction Empty Gondola Movement" (video). Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2017 – via YouTube. (14:39 minutes)
    (2) jfreelan1964 (September 16, 2010). "Iowa Traction Scrap Metal Arrives at the UP Interchange" (video). Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2017 – via YouTube. (12:04 minutes)
    (3) Chicagojoe28 (July 31, 2015). "Iowa Traction RR: The Last Electrified freight in the US" (video). Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2017 – via YouTube. (10:40 minutes)
    (4) airailimages (August 1, 2015). "Iowa Traction Action - 27 July 2015" (video). Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2017 – via YouTube. (4:42 minutes)
    (5) jfreelan1964 (February 3, 2017). "Iowa Traction Railway Winter 2016" (video). Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2017 – via YouTube. (23:49 minutes)
  111. (1) "Progressive Rail acquires Iowa Traction Railroad" (PDF). ProgressiveRailroading.com. October 16, 2012. Archived from the original on December 22, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2012..
    (2) "Freight Tariff IATR 9001" (PDF). Iowa Traction Railway Company. October 4, 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 22, 2013. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
    (3) Nelson, Jacob (June 3, 2013). "IATR 50". RR Pictures Archives.net. Mason City, Iowa. Archived from the original (photograph) on February 6, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2016..
    (4) Terry, Jeff (January 29, 2014). "IATR 50". RailPictures.Net. CP Interchange, Mason City, Iowa. Archived from the original (photograph) on September 18, 2014. Retrieved September 18, 2014. Iowa Traction 50 shoves four hoppers back to the CP interchange track near Clear Lake Junction..
    (5) Schumann, John (December 6, 2015). "IATR 50". RR Pictures Archives.net. Clear Lake, Iowa. Archived from the original (photograph) on March 30, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2016..
    (6) Smith, Nick (June 21, 2016). "IATR 50". RailPictures.Net. IATR AGP Elevator Lead, Mason City, Iowa. Archived from the original (photograph) on January 27, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2017. Iowa Traction RR IATR 50 is tied down at Mason City on the main outside the UP interlocking. IATR built for the Washington & Old Dominion in 1920 and spent time on the Cedar Rapids & Iowa City and the Kansas City Kaw Valley & Western RR before coming to Mason City..
    (7) Guillaudeu and McCray, 2016, pp. 85, 90-93.
    (8) Ebright, Dick (June 24, 2017). "IATR 50". RailPictures.Net. AGProcessing spur, Mason City, Iowa. Archived from the original (photograph) on September 27, 2017. Retrieved September 27, 2017. IATR #50, seen here on the spur to the AGP soybean facility, was built by Baldwin in 1920; 97 years old and still in revenue service..
    (9) mtnclimberjoe (August 18, 2017). "IATR 50". RailPictures.Net. AGP Facility, Mason City, Iowa. Archived from the original (photograph) on December 23, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2017. The Iowa Traction railroad uses BLW steeple cab electric number 50 to shove a large cut of covered hoppers into the AGP corn processing facility in Mason City, Iowa..
    (10) mtnclimberjoe (August 18, 2017). "IATR 50" (photograph). RailPictures.Net. Mason City, Iowa. Archived from the original on February 14, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2018. The Iowa Traction has just finished switching out the Renewable Energy Group ethanol facility and heads east with a big cut of tank cars.
    (11) Leach, Paul (April 12, 2018). "IATR 50 (Steeple Cab)". RR Picture Archives.net. Mason City, Iowa. Archived from the original (photograph) on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2018. Preparing to move grain cars.
    (12) Junges, Olaf (August 29, 2018). "IATR 50". RR Picture Archives.net. Mason City, Iowa. Archived from the original on February 14, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2018. Heavy action day with 3 (!) Steeple Caps on duty..
    (13) Williams, Craig (March 11, 2019). "IATR 50" (photograph). RailPictures.Net. Mason City, Iowa. Archived from the original on June 6, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
    (14) Leach, Paul (March 15, 2019). "IATR 50 (Steeple Cab)" (photograph). RR Picture Archives.net. Mason City, Iowa. Archived from the original on June 6, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2019. Working at the interchange
    (15) POTB 101 (October 17, 2020). "Iowa Traction 50" (photograph). Mason City, Iowa: Railroadforums.com. Archived from the original on November 2, 2020. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
    (16) T. rex Roadtrip (October 22, 2020). Iowa Traction Autumn Day One. Retrieved October 8, 2021. (16:53 minutes) on YouTube. 2020 video showing IATR 50 in operation.
    (17) Leach, Paul (December 21, 2020). "IATR 50 (Steeple Cab)" (photograph). RR Picture Archives.net. Mason City, Iowa. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021. Tied down for the day
  112. Jaw Tooth (August 19, 2021). RARE Last Electric America Freight Railway, Swapping Cars W/ Union Pacific Railroad At Interchange!: Mason City. Retrieved October 8, 2021. (13:00 minutes) on YouTube. 2021 video showing IATR 50 in operation.
  113. "Washington and Old Dominion". Retrieved April 13, 2023.
  114. "Evans AutoRailer at Clark's Trading Post". Retrieved May 22, 2023.

References
In Appendix K of Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority - Pre-filed Direct Testimony of Mr. Hafner, Mr. Mcray and Mr. Simmons, November 30, 2005 (Parts 4 and 5), Case No. PUE-2005-00018, Virginia State Corporation Commission. Obtained in "Case Docket Search". Virginia State Corporation Commission. Retrieved September 28, 2017. Archived September 28, 2017.

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