Weald Clay

Weald Clay or the Weald Clay Formation is a Lower Cretaceous sedimentary rock unit underlying areas of South East England, between the North and South Downs, in an area called the Weald Basin. It is the uppermost unit of the Wealden Group of rocks within the Weald Basin, and the upper portion of the unit is equivalent in age to the exposed portion of the Wessex Formation on the Isle of Wight. It predominantly consists of thinly bedded mudstone.[1] The un-weathered form is blue/grey, and the yellow/orange is the weathered form, it is used in brickmaking.

Weald Clay
Stratigraphic range: Hauterivian-Barremian,
Weald Clay exposed at Clock House Brickworks
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofWealden Group
Sub-unitsHorsham Stone Member
UnderliesAtherfield Clay Formation
OverliesTunbridge Wells Sand Formation
Thicknessup to 460 m
Lithology
PrimaryShale, Mudstone
OtherSiltstone, Sandstone, Limestone, Ironstone
Location
RegionEngland
Country UK
Type section
Named forWeald

Extent of the Weald Clay within the Weald Basin, shown with horizontal lines

The formation was deposited in lagoonal, lacustrine and alluvial conditions that varied from freshwater to brackish.[2] The clay alternates with other subordinate lithologies, notably hard red-weathering beds of ironstone, limestone (Sussex Marble) and sandstones, notably including the calcareous sandstone unit referred to as the Horsham Stone. It has a gradual, conformable contact with the underlying Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation, and has a sharp, unconformable contact with the overlying Atherfield Clay Formation, a shallow marine unit deposited after marine transgression during the Aptian.

Physical properties
Bored exposure of the lower Weald Clay on the shore near Cooden Beach

The weathered and unweathered forms of the Weald Clay have different physical properties. Blue looks superficially like a soft slate, is quite dry and hard and will support the weight of buildings quite easily. Because it is quite impermeable, and so dry, it does not get broken by tree roots. It is typically found at 750mm down below a layer of yellow clay. Yellow, found on the surface, absorbs water quite readily so becomes very soft in the winter. The two different types make quite different bricks.

Paleofauna

Vertebrates


Vertebrates reported from the Weald Clay
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Baryonyx

B. walkeri

 Smokejack Clay Pit Upper Weald Clay

Multiple partial skulls, one of which had an associated postcranial skeleton.[3]

 A spinosaurid
Baryonyx

Horshamosaurus

H. rudgwickensis

 Rudgwick Brickworks Upper Weald Clay

"Vertebrae, partial fore and hindlimbs, osteoderms."[4]

A dubious[5] genus of nodosaurid ankylosaur belonging to Polacanthinae. Originally named as a species of Polacanthus.[6]
Iguanodon I. bernissartensis Smokejack Clay Pit Upper Weald Clay Iguanodontian, also known from the Wessex Formation.
Iguanodon
Mantellisaurus M. atherfieldensis Smokejack Clay Pit Upper Weald Clay Iguanodontian, also known from the Wessex Formation
Mantellisaurus

Valdosaurus

V. canaliculatus[7]

 Heathfield Lower Weald Clay

A dryosaurid, also known from the Wessex Formation
Leptocleidus L. superstes[8] NHM R4828 (holotype) Pliosauroid
Leptocleidus
Wyleyia[9] W. valdensis[9]
Dorsetisaurus Indeterminate Keymer Tile Works
Sauropoda Indeterminate Smokejacks, Bexhill
Anura Indeterminate Keymer Tile Works Lower Maxillary fragment[10]
Urodela Indeterminate Keymer Tile Works Lower Atlas vertebra Has been suggested to have a close relationship with Balveherpeton from Germany.[11]

Invertebrates

Numerous insect species are known from several localities in the Weald Clay, including Rudgwick Brickworks,[12] Auclaye Brickworks,[13] Smokejacks[14] and Clockhouse Brickworks[15][16][17]

Invertebrates reported from the Weald Clay
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Principiala[18] P. rudgwickensis Rudgwick Brickworks Upper Weald Clay Single partial fore-wing An Ithonidae lacewing, the second in Principiala
Englathauma E. crabbi Rudgwick Brickworks BMB 021962/3 almost complete forewing A englathaumatid scorpionfly
E. mellishae Smokejacks Wing and wing fragments
Cretophasmomima[19] C. traceyae Smokejacks Forewing A stick insect
Valdicossus V. mikewebsteri[20] Smokejacks Upper Hindwing A member of Palaeontinidae
V. chesteri[21] Cooden Beach Lower Hindwing
Ilerdocossus I. prowsei [20] Clockhouse Brickworks Lower A member of Palaeontinidae
Proraphidia P. hopkinsi[22] A member of Mesoraphidiidae
Turanophlebia T. anglicana[23] Dragonfly, member of Tarsophlebiidae
Brochocoleus B. keenani[24] B. tobini Smokejacks Upper Member of Ommatidae
Diluticupes D. crowsonae
Zygadenia Z. tuberculata,[25] Z. angliae[26]
Cionocoleus C. elizabethae, C. watsoni [27] C. minimus
Omma O. elongatum Keymer Tile Works Lower

See also

Footnotes
  1. "Wealden Clay Formation". The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units. British Geological Survey. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  2. Radley, Jonathan D (June 1999). "Weald Clay (Lower Cretaceous) palaeoenvironments in south-east England: molluscan evidence". Cretaceous Research. 20 (3): 365–368. doi:10.1006/cres.1999.0156.
  3. "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 72.
  4. "Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 367.
  5. Raven, T. J., P. M. Barrett, S. B. Pond, and S. C. R. Maidment. 2020. Osteology and taxonomy of British Wealden Supergroup (Berriasian–Aptian) ankylosaurs (Ornithischia, Ankylosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2020.1826956
  6. Blows, W.T., 2015, British Polacanthid Dinosaurs – Observations on the History and Palaeontology of the UK Polacanthid Armoured Dinosaurs and their Relatives, Siri Scientific Press, 220 pp.
  7. Galton, P.M., 2009, "Notes on Neocomian (Late Cretaceous) ornithopod dinosaurs from England - Hypsilophodon, Valdosaurus, "Camptosaurus", "Iguanodon" - and referred specimens from Romania and elsewhere", Revue de Paléobiologie 28(1): 211-273
  8. "Reassessment of the Lower Cretaceous (Barremian) pliosauroid Leptocleidus superstes Andrews, 1922 and other plesiosaur remains from the nonmarine Wealden succession of southern England | Oxford Academic". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
  9. "10.18 West Sussex, England; 1. Hastings Beds" in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 559.
  10. Sweetman, S.C; Evans, S. E. (2011). "Lissamphibians (frogs, salamanders and albanerpetontids)". English Wealden fossils. Palaeontological Association. ISBN 978-1-4443-6711-9. OCLC 777385514.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. Skutschas, Pavel P.; Kolchanov, Veniamin V.; Schwermann, Achim H. (December 2020). "First salamander from the Lower Cretaceous of Germany". Cretaceous Research. 116: 104606. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104606. S2CID 225440583.
  12. "Rudgwick Brickworks, Upper Weald Clay (Cretaceous of the United Kingdom)". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  13. "Auclaye Brickworks (BMB collection) (Cretaceous of the United Kingdom)". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  14. "Smokejacks Brickworks (Cretaceous of the United Kingdom)". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  15. "Clockhouse Brickworks (MNEMG collection) (Cretaceous of the United Kingdom)". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  16. "Clockhouse Brickworks (BMNH collection) (Cretaceous of the United Kingdom)". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  17. "Clockhouse Brickworks (BMB collection): Late/Upper Hauterivian, United Kingdom". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  18. Jepson, JE; Makarkin, VN; Jarzembowski, E (2009). "New lacewings (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Lower Cretaceous Wealden supergroup of Southern England". Cretaceous Research. 30 (5): 1325–1338. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.07.012.
  19. Xu, Chunpeng; Jarzembowski, Edmund A.; Fang, Yan (January 2020). "A new stick insect (Phasmatodea: Susumanioidea) from the Lower Cretaceous Wealden Group of southern England". Cretaceous Research. 112: 104387. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104387. S2CID 214327966.
  20. Li, Yuling; Jarzembowski, Edmund; Chen, Jun; Wang, Bo (March 2019). "New Palaeontinidae (Insecta: Hemiptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of southern England". Cretaceous Research. 95: 297–301. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.11.019. S2CID 134479224.
  21. WANG, BO; ZHANG, HAICHUN; JARZEMBOWSKI, EDMUND A. (16 April 2008). "A new genus and species of Palaeontinidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha) from the Lower Cretaceous of southern England". Zootaxa. 1751 (1): 65. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1751.1.7. ISSN 1175-5334.
  22. J. E. Jepson and E. A. Jarzembowski. 2008. Two new species of snakefly (Insecta: Raphidioptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of England and Spain with a review of other fossil raphidiopterans from the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition. Alavesia 2:193-201
  23. G. Fleck, G. Bechly, X. Martínez-Delclòs, E. A. Jarzembowski, and A. Nel. 2004. A revision of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous dragonfly family Tarsophlebiidae, with a discussion on the phylogenetic positions of the Tarsophlebiidae and Sieblosiidae (Insecta, Odonatoptera, Panodonata. Geodiversitas 26(1):33-59
  24. Jarzembowski, Edmund A.; Yan, Evgeny V.; Wang, Bo; Zhang, Haichun (August 2013). "Brochocolein beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of northeast China and southern England". Cretaceous Research. 44: 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2013.03.003. ISSN 0195-6671.
  25. Jarzembowski, Edmund A.; Wang, Bo; Zhang, Haichun; Fang, Yan (January 2015). "Boring beetles are not necessarily dull: New notocupedins (Insecta: Coleoptera) from the Mesozoic of Eurasia and East Gondwana". Cretaceous Research. 52: 431–439. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.03.006. ISSN 0195-6671.
  26. A. G. Ponomarenko. 2006. On the Types of Mesozoic Archostematan Beetles (Insecta, Coleoptera, Archostemata) in the Natural History Museum, London. Paleontological Journal 40(1):90-9
  27. E. A. Jarzembowski, E. V. Yan, B. Wang and H. Zhang. 2013. Ommatin beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of northeast China and southern England. Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 6:135-161

References
  • Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.


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