Hearing the shape of a drum

More formally, the drum is conceived as an elastic membrane whose boundary is clamped. It is represented as a domain D in the plane. Denote by λ_n the Dirichlet eigenvalues for D: that is, the eigenvalues of the Dirichlet problem for the Laplacian:

${\displaystyle {\begin{cases}\Delta u+\lambda u=0\\u|_{\partial D}=0\end{cases}}}$

Two domains are said to be isospectral (or homophonic) if they have the same eigenvalues. The term "homophonic" is justified because the Dirichlet eigenvalues are precisely the fundamental tones that the drum is capable of producing: they appear naturally as Fourier coefficients in the solution wave equation with clamped boundary.

Therefore, the question may be reformulated as: what can be inferred on D if one knows only the values of λ_n? Or, more specifically: are there two distinct domains that are isospectral?

Related problems can be formulated for the Dirichlet problem for the Laplacian on domains in higher dimensions or on Riemannian manifolds, as well as for other elliptic differential operators such as the Cauchy–Riemann operator or Dirac operator. Other boundary conditions besides the Dirichlet condition, such as the Neumann boundary condition, can be imposed. See spectral geometry and isospectral as related articles.

One-parameter family of isospectral drums

Eigenmodes and corresponding eigenvalues of the Laplace operator on the GWW domains

In 1964, John Milnor observed that a theorem on lattices due to Ernst Witt implied the existence of a pair of 16-dimensional flat tori that have the same eigenvalues but different shapes. However, the problem in two dimensions remained open until 1992, when Carolyn Gordon, David Webb, and Scott Wolpert constructed, based on the Sunada method, a pair of regions in the plane that have different shapes but identical eigenvalues. The regions are concave polygons. The proof that both regions have the same eigenvalues uses the symmetries of the Laplacian. This idea has been generalized by Buser, Conway, Doyle, and Semmler[4] who constructed numerous similar examples. So, the answer to Kac's question is: for many shapes, one cannot hear the shape of the drum completely. However, some information can be inferred.

On the other hand, Steve Zelditch proved that the answer to Kac's question is positive if one imposes restrictions to certain convex planar regions with analytic boundary. It is not known whether two non-convex analytic domains can have the same eigenvalues. It is known that the set of domains isospectral with a given one is compact in the C^∞ topology. Moreover, the sphere (for instance) is spectrally rigid, by Cheng's eigenvalue comparison theorem. It is also known, by a result of Osgood, Phillips, and Sarnak that the moduli space of Riemann surfaces of a given genus does not admit a continuous isospectral flow through any point, and is compact in the Fréchet–Schwartz topology.

Weyl's formula states that one can infer the area A of the drum by counting how rapidly the λ_n grow. We define N(R) to be the number of eigenvalues smaller than R and we get

${\displaystyle A=\omega _{d}^{-1}(2\pi )^{d}\lim _{R\to \infty }{\frac {N(R)}{R^{d/2}}},}$

where d is the dimension, and ${\displaystyle \omega _{d}}$ is the volume of the d-dimensional unit ball. Weyl also conjectured that the next term in the approximation below would give the perimeter of D. In other words, if L denotes the length of the perimeter (or the surface area in higher dimension), then one should have

${\displaystyle N(R)=(2\pi )^{-d}\omega _{d}AR^{d/2}\mp {\frac {1}{4}}(2\pi )^{-d+1}\omega _{d-1}LR^{(d-1)/2}+o(R^{(d-1)/2}).}$

For a smooth boundary, this was proved by Victor Ivrii in 1980. The manifold is also not allowed to have a two-parameter family of periodic geodesics, such as a sphere would have.

For non-smooth boundaries, Michael Berry conjectured in 1979 that the correction should be of the order of

${\displaystyle R^{D/2},}$

where D is the Hausdorff dimension of the boundary. This was disproved by J. Brossard and R. A. Carmona, who then suggested that one should replace the Hausdorff dimension with the upper box dimension. In the plane, this was proved if the boundary has dimension 1 (1993), but mostly disproved for higher dimensions (1996); both results are by Lapidus and Pomerance.

• Gassmann triple
• Isospectral
• Spectral geometry
• Vibrations of a circular membrane
• an extension to iterated function system fractals[5]

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• Simulation showing solutions of the wave equation in two isospectral drums
• Isospectral Drums by Toby Driscoll at the University of Delaware
• Some planar isospectral domains by Peter Buser, John Horton Conway, Peter Doyle, and Klaus-Dieter Semmler
  • 3D rendering of the Buser-Conway-Doyle-Semmler homophonic drums
• Drums That Sound Alike by Ivars Peterson at the Mathematical Association of America web site
• Weisstein, Eric W. "Isospectral Manifolds". MathWorld.
• Benguria, Rafael D. (2001) [1994], "Dirichlet eigenvalue", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press