Wildcard certificate
[1]In computer networking, a wildcard certificate is a public key certificate which can be used with multiple sub-domains of a domain. The principal use is for securing web sites with HTTPS, but there are also applications in many other fields. Compared with conventional certificates, a wildcard certificate can be cheaper and more convenient than a certificate for each sub-domain. Multi-domain wildcard certificates further simplify the complexity and reduce costs by securing multiple domains and their sub-domains.
![](../I/Let%E2%80%99s_Encrypt_example_certificate_on_Firefox_94_screenshot.png.webp)
![](../I/Subject_Alt_Names_on_Firefox_90_screenshot.png.webp)
Example
A single wildcard certificate for https://*.example.com
will secure all these subdomains on the https://*.example.com
domain:
payment.example.com
contact.example.com
login-secure.example.com
www.example.com
Instead of getting separate certificates for subdomains, you can use a single certificate for all main domains and subdomains and reduce cost.[2]
Because the wildcard only covers one level of subdomains (the asterisk doesn't match full stops),[3] these domains would not be valid for the certificate:
test.login.example.com
The "naked" domain is valid when added separately as a Subject Alternative Name (SubjectAltName
):[4]
example.com
Note possible exceptions by CAs, for example wildcard-plus cert by DigiCert contains an automatic "Plus" property for the naked domain example.com
.
Type of wildcard certificates
Wildcard certificates are categorized on the basis of validation level, number of domain and number of servers it can be used with. Likewise they are named as domain validation wildcard certificate, organisation validation wildcard certificate and extended validation wildcard certificate when we categorize them according to validation level. The name Multi-domain wildcard certificates and Multi-server wildcard certificates are given according to number of domain and number of server. All types of wildcard certificates signed by popular CAs are categorized and listed internet. Therefore there are types of wildcard which can secure multiple domains, multiple servers and provide different levels of validation.
Limitations
Only a single level of subdomain matching is supported in accordance with RFC 2818.[1]
It is not possible to get a wildcard for an Extended Validation Certificate.[5] A workaround could be to add every virtual host name in the Subject Alternative Name (SAN) extension,[6][7] the major problem being that the certificate needs to be reissued whenever a new virtual server is added. (See Transport Layer Security § Support for name-based virtual servers for more information.)
Wildcards can be added as domains in multi-domain certificates or Unified Communications Certificates (UCC). In addition, wildcards themselves can have subjectAltName
extensions, including other wildcards. For example, the wildcard certificate *.wikipedia.org
has *.m.wikimedia.org
as a Subject Alternative Name. Thus it secures www.wikipedia.org
as well as the completely different website name meta.m.wikimedia.org
.[8]
RFC 6125 argues against wildcard certificates on security grounds, in particular "partial wildcards".[9]
Examples
The wildcard applies only to one level of the domain name.
label.label.label.TLD
*.domain.com
is OK. It will matchwww.domain.com
but notdomain.com
and notzzz.www.domain.com
The wildcard may appear anywhere inside a label as a "partial wildcard" according to early specifications[10]
f*.domain.com
is OK. It will matchfrog.domain.com
but notfrog.super.domain.com
baz*.example.net
is OK and matchesbaz1.example.net
*baz.example.net
is OK and matchesfoobaz.example.net
b*z.example.net
is OK and matchesbuzz.example.net
However, use of "partial-wildcard" certs is not recommended. As of 2011, partial wildcard support is optional, and is explicitly disallowed in SubjectAltName headers that are required for multi-name certificates.[11] All major browsers have deliberately removed support for partial-wildcard certificates;[12][13] they will result in a "SSL_ERROR_BAD_CERT_DOMAIN" error. Similarly, it is typical for standard libraries in programming languages to not support "partial-wildcard" certificates. For example, any "partial-wildcard" certificate will not work with the latest versions of both Python[14] and Go. Thus,
Do not allow a label that consists entirely of just a wildcard unless it is the left-most label
sub1.*.domain.com
is not allowed.
A cert with multiple wildcards in a name is not allowed.
*.*.domain.com
A cert with *
plus a top-level domain is not allowed.
*.com
Too general and should not be allowed.
*
International domain names encoded in ASCII (A-label) are labels that are ASCII-encoded and begin with xn--
.
Do not allow wildcards in an international label.
xn--caf-dma.com
iscafé.com
xn--caf-dma*.com
is not allowedLw*.xn--caf-dma.com
is allowed
References
- Wildcard SSL certificate limitation on QuovadisGlobal.com
- "Wildcard Certificate Explained in Simpler Terms". 23 May 2016.
-
"RFC 2818 - HTTP Over TLS". Internet Engineering Task Force. May 2000. p. 5. Retrieved 2014-12-15.
[...] *.a.com matches foo.a.com but not bar.foo.a.com.
-
Newman, C. (June 1999). "RFC 2595 - Using TLS with IMAP, POP3 and ACAP". Internet Engineering Task Force: 3. doi:10.17487/RFC2595. Retrieved 2014-12-15.
For example, *.example.com would match a.example.com, foo.example.com, etc. but would not match example.com.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) -
"Guidelines For The Issuance And Management Of Extended Validation Certificates, Version 1.5.2" (PDF). CA/Browser Forum. 2014-10-16. p. 10. Retrieved 2014-12-15.
Wildcard certificates are not allowed for EV Certificates.
- x509v3_config Subject Alternative Name
- The SAN option is available for EV SSL Certificates on Symantec.com
- SSLTools Certificate Lookup of Wikipedia.org's wildcard ssl certificate
-
Saint-Andre, P.; Hodges, J. (March 2011). "RFC 6125 - Representation and Verification of Domain-Based Application Service Identity within Internet Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509 (PKIX) Certificates in the Context of Transport Layer Security (TLS)". Internet Engineering Task Force: 31. doi:10.17487/RFC6125. Retrieved 2014-12-10.
This document states that the wildcard character '*' SHOULD NOT be included in presented identifiers but MAY be checked by application clients (mainly for the sake of backward compatibility with deployed infrastructure). [...] Several security considerations justify tightening the rules: [...]
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Rescorla, E. (May 2000). "RFC 2818 - HTTP Over TLS". tools.ietf.org. doi:10.17487/RFC2818. Retrieved 2019-04-20.
- Saint-Andre, P.; Hodges, J. (March 2011). "RFC 6125 - Representation and Verification of Domain-Based Application Service Identity within Internet Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509 (PKIX) Certificates in the Context of Transport Layer Security (TLS)". tools.ietf.org. doi:10.17487/RFC6125. Retrieved 2019-04-20.
- "Disallow support for a*.example.net, *a.example.net, and a*b.example.net in certificate wildcard handling". The Chromium Projects, Google Inc. 3 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- "Limit wildcard DNS ID support to names of the form *.example.com (not foo*.example.com)". The Mozilla Foundation. 10 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- "Disallow support for a*.example.net, *a.example.net, and a*b.example.net in certificate wildcard handling". The Python Software Foundation. 26 November 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
Relevant RFCs
- Newman, C. (June 1999). "RFC 2595 - Using TLS with IMAP, POP3 and ACAP". Internet Engineering Task Force: 3. doi:10.17487/RFC2595.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - "RFC 2818 - HTTP Over TLS". Internet Engineering Task Force. May 2000. p. 5.
- Saint-Andre, P.; Hodges, J. (March 2011). "RFC 6125 - Representation and Verification of Domain-Based Application Service Identity within Internet Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509 (PKIX) Certificates in the Context of Transport Layer Security (TLS)". Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC6125.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help)