William Devereux

William Devereux was an Anglo-Norman nobleman living during the reigns of kings William I, William II, and Henry I of England. The Devereux, along with the Baskervilles and Pichards, were prominent knightly families along the Welsh marches at the beginning of the twelfth century, and linked to the Braose and Lacy lordships of the region.[1] William Devereux's descendants would later give rise to the Devereux family of Hereford, and the Devereux Viscounts of Hereford and Earls of Essex.

For other people named William Devereux, see William Devereux (disambiguation).
William Devereux
Diedafter 1110
Spouse(s)Hawise de Lacy
IssueWalter Devereux, Lord of Lyonshall
Gilbert Devereux

Career

Following the Norman conquest of England, William Devereux was granted lands along the Welsh Marches in Herefordshire, Shropshire, and Gloucester as a member of the retinue of Walter de Lacy. Shortly after the Battle of Hastings rebellion broke out along the Welsh marches. Devereux probably participated in efforts to counter the attacks of Eadric the Wild and the Welsh on Hereford. In 1069, Walter de Lacy countered an attack and then led a retaliatory raid into Wales. Eadric the Wild burned Shrewsbury, but unsuccessfully besieged its castle. Late in 1069 King William led the local forces in defeating Eadric the Wild at the Battle of Stafford, and forcing his submission in 1070.

In 1075 the Revolt of the Earls broke out against King William’s rule. It was led by Roger de Breteuil, earl of Hereford; Ralph, earl of East Anglia; and Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria. Walter de Lacy, and probably William Devereux as part of his retinue, played a critical role in preventing the earl of Hereford’s forces linking up with the other rebels, which lead to the collapse of the revolt.

William Devereux probably would have attended the king as he spent Christmas of 1080 at Gloucester. Devereux would have been expected to participate in king William’s movement into Wales in 1081, which may have been a military raid to quell local resistance.

William Devereux’s son, Walter Devereaux, began training as a knight about 1084 in the retinue of Walter de Lacy. Following Walter de Lacy’s sudden death on 25 March 1085, the allegiance of the family was transferred to Walter de Lacy’s son, Roger de Lacy.

At Domesday in 1086 William Devereux held lands along the Welsh Marches.[2] Lyonshall was held by William's son, Walter Devereux, and Lyonshall Castle was constructed at the direction of his overlord, Roger de Lacy during the early 1090's.

William was a benefactor of the Abbey at Gloucester (Church of St. Peter in Gloucester). In 1086 William the Conqueror issued a charter to the abbey confirming the land it possessed, and William Devereux was identified as giving 1 hide of land.[3] During the time of King William Rufus in 1096 he was identified as granting a hide in Herefordshire, and two tenths (duas decimas) from 'Leech and Hadrop'.[4] A list of donations to the abbey showed William Devereux giving one hide of land in Jerchenfeld, Westone, and tithes from Haythrop, in the time of Abbot Serlo (1072 to 1104).[5][6] Other sources indicate he confirmed the grant of a hide in Herefordshire to St. Peter’s Abbey at Gloucester in the tenth year of Henry I (1110).[7][8] During the time of Abbot William (1113 to 1130) a woman named Hawise, identified as the widow of William Devereux, appeared on a list of donations as giving the land called Hyde, and that Walter de Lacy had given this to her upon her marriage.[9] The gift of William Devereux of one hide of land to the abbey was confirmed again by King Stephen in 1138,[10] the Archbishop of Canterbury between 1139 and 1148,[11] and King Henry II about 1174.[12]

William Devereux's overlord, Roger de Lacy, participated in a conspiracy led by Robert de Mowbray to replace King William II with his brother, but was discovered and banished in 1095. When de Lacy was exiled Lyonshall castle came under the direct control of the Devereux family, and eventually they became its chief lords.[13] With his feudal lord's banishment William Devereux transferred his feudal allegiance to Bernard de Neufmarché,[lower-alpha 1] Lord of Brecon. In 1170 a nave was constructed in Worcester Cathedral containing a stained glass window, showing Bernard de Neufmarche surrounded by 12 knights, and one bore the Devereux shield.

In 1095 King William II lost men and horses on a foray into Wales, and again led an expedition in 1097 that failed to bring the Welsh to battle. William Devereux would have been expected to participate in these ongoing Welsh border battles.

Between 1101 and Michaelmas 1102 William Devereux witnessed a charter of Henry I to the prior of St. Wulmar in Boulogne.[14] The charter confirmed the granting of the manor of Nutfield in Surrey to the canons by Ida, Countess of Boulogne.

William witnessed an undated grant by William de Hussemain of a tenement in the manor of Castle Frome, Herefordshire, to Walter de Longchamp. Another witness to this document, Baldwyn de Boulers, was married by 1102, and signed a charter of Henry I to Shrewsbury Abbey in 1121.[15]

William Devereux and his wife also made further grants to the church of his chapel at Putley, stating in the charter "Know all present and to come, that I, William Devereux, with the assent and advice of my wife, and my heirs, have given and granted God and St. Mary and St. Ethelbert all of my rights in the chapel of Putley."[16] This would be confirmed by a later Dean of Hereford, 'Ralph Murdac,' who confirmed the grant, "which William Devereux, has given my predecessor."[17]

Family

William married Hawise de Lacy,[18] daughter of Walter de Lacy.[19] This marriage occurred after 1066 as her dowry included post-conquest land grants. They had issue:

Domesday landholdings

According to the Domesday Book, William Devereux held the following lands valued at about £17 12 shillings in 1086 under the tenant-in-chief Roger de Lacy:[2]

Landholdings in the Domesday Book of William Devereux

Notes
  1. William Devereux may also have been supporting Bernard de Neufmarché as he completed his conquest of Brycheiniog at the Battle of Brecon in 1093
  2. The Marches Archeology report describes an annotation on the domesday manuscript indicating that the Walter holding Lyonshall was 'de Ebrois'
  3. His son, Robert Devereux, was a benefactor to Brecknock priory in the reign of Henry I. He was identified on the same charter as Walter Devereux of Lyonshall. He died in 1130, and his son, Reginald, claimed his lands in Cornwall (Pipe Roll, 31 Henry I, Michaelmas 1130).
  4. East Leach would pass down to a Walter Devereux of Lyonshall, whose widow Cecilia, contested the ownership of these estates. Although, Cecilia lost her suit (Curia Regis Roll, 13 John, Michaelmas Term, membrane 6), some of East Leach was in the hands of the Devereux family, John Devereux, Lord of Munsley, as late as 1302 (Calender of Patent Rolls. 24 June, 31 Edward I (1302), membrane 20d).
  5. Hatherop appears to have passed to Stephen Devereux and his wife, Constance de Leigh. Stephen Devereux was the brother of Walter Devereux whose wife, Cecilia, is cited in the multiple litigations involving the Devereux lands around 1200. Following this Stephen's death, his widow would make many grants to the Abbey of Lacock which included lands in Hatherop.
  6. This small piece of land is the closest of the Devereux grants to the Abbey Dore, and may be the location of the 'Woods of Huggesleg' granted by William Devereux's descendant, Roger Devereux, to the Abbey at the time of his death as referenced in A Descriptive Catalogue of Ancient Deeds in the Public Record Office (London; Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1890) in volume 1, page 277, B.673.
  7. The Chapel at Putley was granted to the canons of Hereford by William Devereux. Cecilia Devereux, widow of Walter Devereux of Lyonshall, would contest the ownership of this Chapel and lose when the Canons produced the original charter. The final accord was published in: Monasticon Anglicanum. by Sir William Dugdale, knight, Volume the 6th part III. London: Published for the Proprietors by James Bohn, 12, King William Street, Charing Cross. 1846, page 1217. Cecelia Devereux still held Putley in the Testa de Nevil in 1242.
  8. Street Court (so named from its position on the old Roman road) was held under the Lady Cecily Devereux by Thomas de Street, in the reign of Edward I. Cecily was the widow of Walter Devereux of Lyonshall, great-great-grandson of William Devereux
  9. This is thought to be the Devereux land later identified as Chanston, and it remained in their hands as late as 1308 when its ownership was contested between the sons of Hugh Devereux (De Banco Roll, Easter, 2 Edward II, No. 176, r. 51, Hereford).
  10. Part of the maund grants were held later as Whitechurch Maund by Baron John Devereux (died 1392/3).

References
  1. Brock W. Holden. Lords of the Central Marches. (Oxford; Oxford University Press, 2008). page 92
  2. Anna Powell-Smith, Open Domesday, accessed March 18 2012, William Devereux
  3. William Henry Hart (editor). Historia et Cartularium Monaterii Sancti Petri Gloucestriae, Volume 1. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green, 1863, Page 334
  4. Charles Johnson and HA Cronne (editors). Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066-1154; Volume II Regesta Henrici Primi, 1100-1135. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956. Page 410
  5. William Henry Hart (editor). Historia et Cartularium Monasterii Sancti Petri Gloucesteriae, Volume 1. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green, 1863, page 118
  6. William Henry Hart (editor). Historia et Cartularium Monasterii Sancti Petri Gloucesteriae, Volume 2. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green, 1863, page 40
  7. Arthur Collins. The Peerage of England. (London: 1779). Volume VI, page 1, Devereux Viscount of Hereford
  8. Roger Dodsworth. Monasticon Anglicanum by William Dugsdale. (London: 1673). Vol. 3, Cathedrals, page 187
  9. William Henry Hart (editor). Historia et Cartularium Monasterii Sancti Petri Gloucesteriae, Volume 1. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green, 1863. Page 88
  10. William Henry Hart (editor). Historia et Cartularium Monasterii Sancti Petri Gloucesteriae, Volume 1. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green, 1863. Page 223
  11. William Henry Hart (editor). Historia et Cartularium Monasterii Sancti Petri Gloucesteriae, Volume 1. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green, 1863. Page 226
  12. William Henry Hart (editor). Historia et Cartularium Monasterii Sancti Petri Gloucesteriae, Volume 1. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green, 1863. Page 350
  13. Charles Robinson. A History of the Castles of Herefordshire and their Lords. page 125
  14. Charles Johnson and HA Cronne (editors). Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum 1066-1154, volume II. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956). Entry 599
  15. Collections Historical & Archeological Relating to Montgomeryshire and its Borders, Vol. XXVII. (London: Charles J. Clark, 1893). page 192
  16. Monasticon Anglicanum: A History of the Abbies and Other Monasteries, Hospitals, Friaries, and Cathedral and Collegiate Churches, With Their Dependencies in England and Wales. Originally Published in Latin by Sir William Dugdale, knight, Volume the 6th part III. London: Published for the Proprietors by James Bohn, 12, King William Street, Charing Cross. 1846, page 1216
  17. Monasticon Anglicanum. by Sir William Dugdale, knight, Volume the 6th part III. London: Published for the Proprietors by James Bohn, 12, King William Street, Charing Cross. 1846, page 1217
  18. Morgan G. Watkins. Collections Towards the History and Antiquities of the County of Hereford in continuation of Duncumb’s History, Hundred of Radlow. (High Town [Hereford]: Jakeman & Carver, 1902). Page 42 to 49. Parish of Castle Frome, Genealogy contributed by Lord Hereford
  19. Robert William Eyton. Antiquities of Shropshire. (London: JR Smith, 1857). Pages 26-29
  20. Richard Stone. Marches Archeology, The Church of St. Michael and All Angels, Lyonshall, Herefordshire. (Shropshire: Marches Archeology, 2003). Section 4: Archeological and Historical Background, Lyonshall
  21. Brock W. Holden. Lords of the Central Marches. (Oxford; Oxford University Press, 2008). page 40
  22. Charles Homer Haskins. Norman Institutions. Harvard Historical Studies. Published Under the Direction of the Department of History. Volume XXIV. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1918). Page 88, 108-9
  23. Brock W. Holden. Lords of the Central Marches. (Oxford; Oxford University Press, 2008). page 40
  24. Catherine Lucy Wilhelmina Powlett Cleveland, Duchess of Cleveland, Battle Abbey Roll, with some account of the Norman Lines, Vol. 1 (London: John Murray, 1889), pp. 325–26
  25. J.H. Round. Bernard, the King's Scribe. The English Historical Review, volume 14. (London: Longmans, Green, and Co, July 1899). page 417
  26. Anna Powell-Smith, Open Domesday, accessed March 18, 2012, Eastleach (Turville)
  27. John Morris (editor). Domesday Books (Phillimore Editions). (Chichester: 1975-1992). Gloucester: Roger de Lacy, fief 39, entry 13.
  28. Anna Powell-Smith, Open Domesday, accessed March 18 2012, Hatherop
  29. John Morris (editor). Domesday Books (Phillimore Editions). (Chichester: 1975-1992). Gloucester: Roger de Lacy, fief 39, entry 14.
  30. ‘William Devereux’, Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England, http://www.pase.ac.uk, accessed 27 May 2010.
  31. Anna Powell-Smith, Open Domesday, accessed March 18 2012, Ewyas (Harold)
  32. John Morris (editor). Domesday Books (Phillimore Editions). (Chichester: 1975-1992). Hereford: Roger de Lacy, fief 10, entry 1.
  33. F.W. Maitland (editor). Bracton’s Note Book. A Collection of Cases Decided in the King’s Courts During the Reign of Henry the Third, Annotated by a Lawyer of that Time, Seemingly by Henry of Bratton, Volume II. London: CJ Clay & Sons, 1887. Page 182, Case 227
  34. Anna Powell-Smith, Open Domesday, accessed March 18 2012, Putley
  35. John Morris (editor). Domesday Books (Phillimore Editions). (Chichester: 1975-1992). Hereford: Roger de Lacy, fief 10, entry 4.
  36. Anna Powell-Smith, Open Domesday, accessed March 18 2012, Street
  37. John Morris (editor). Domesday Books (Phillimore Editions). (Chichester: 1975-1992). Hereford: Roger de Lacy, fief 10, entry 41.
  38. Charles Robinson. A History of the Mansions and Manors of Herefordshire. (London: Longmans and Company, 1872). page 159
  39. Anna Powell-Smith, Open Domesday, accessed March 18 2012, Grendon
  40. John Morris (editor). Domesday Books (Phillimore Editions). (Chichester: 1975-1992). Hereford: Roger de Lacy, fief 10, entry 72.
  41. Anna Powell-Smith, Open Domesday, accessed March 18 2012, Elnodestune
  42. John Morris (editor). Domesday Books (Phillimore Editions). (Chichester: 1975-1992). Hereford: Roger de Lacy, fief 10, entry 17.
  43. Anna Powell-Smith, Open Domesday, accessed March 18 2012, Maund (bryan)
  44. John Morris (editor). Domesday Books (Phillimore Editions). (Chichester: 1975-1992). Hereford: Roger de Lacy, fief 10, entry 6.
  45. Anna Powell-Smith, Open Domesday, accessed March 18 2012, (Rose)maund

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