William Sole

William Sole (1739–7 February 1802) was a British apothecary and botanist.

William Sole
Born1739
Witchford, Cambridgeshire.
Died7 February 1802
Bath, Somersetshire
Burial placeSt John the Baptist Church, Batheaston, Somersetshire
NationalityEnglish
EducationKing's Ely
Occupation(s)Apothecary, botanist
Parents
  • John Sole (father)
  • Martha Sole (nee Rayner) (mother)
RelativesJohn Rayner (maternal grandfather, banker of Ely)

John (brother), Sarah (sister), Elizabeth (sister), Francis (brother), Robert (brother), Martha (sister)

William Sole (nephew, apothecary)

Rev. Arthur Baron Sole (great-nephew)

The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography states that William Sole was born in 1741 in Little Thetford, Cambridgeshire,[1] However, evidence suggest that he was born in 1739 and Baptised on 28 September[2] in Witchford, Cambridgeshire.

William Sole was the first son of John and Martha Sole. Sometime after his birth, the family moved to Little Thetford. John and Martha had a further six children.[3] John (baptised 14 June 1741), Sarah (baptised 15 May 1743), Elizabeth (baptised 24 February 1744), Francis (baptised 19 February 1748), Robert (baptised 13 May 1750), Martha (baptised 1752 3 October). In his will dated 15 March 1802,[4] Sole mentions all of his siblings, with the exception of Elizabeth.

Sole studied at King's Ely, then served an apprenticeship as an apothecary in Cambridge. On qualifying, he moved to Bath,[5] where he practised is profession from premises in Trim Street with partner Thomas West. During their partnership, Sole and West brought at least five apprentices into their business.[6] This partnership ended in 1895 and Sole continued to work alone until his death in 1802.

It is Sole's botanical research that he is most noted for. He specialised in the study of mints, in his garden and by the specimens he collected from a number of places in the United Kingdom. In 1798, he published Menthae Britannicae, and this was the publication that he became most known for. He also researched grasses and the local flora of Bath, and was elected as one of the first associates of the Linnean Society.[5]

Sprengel named the genus Solea for Sole, although this was later merged into Hybanthus, or into Pombalia, in recent studies.[5][7]

Image of English church
St John the Baptist Church, Batheaston
View of grave yard
Approximate location (foreground) of William Sole's grave in St John the Baptist Church, Batheaston.

William Sole made his will shortly before his death on 15 January 1802[4] and left his estate to his siblings living in Cambridgeshire. There is no evidence that he married. He died on 7 February 1802, aged 63, and was buried at Church of St John The Baptist, Batheaston. His grave is unmarked.

Known publications and papers[6]
Title Notes
Sole, W., 1782. Flora Bathonica A lost manuscript, Flora Bathonica, or Flora of Somerset, said to date from 1782, but is said to have been known by 19th Century botanists.[8]
Sole, W., 1798. Menthae Britannicae: being a new botanical arrangement of all the British mints hitherto discovered[9] The book included 24 full-plate etchings, all executed by William Hibbert from artwork by several artists.
Sole, W., 1799. On the principal English grasses[10] To be found in vol. 9 of Letters and papers on agriculture, planting, &c ... A journal published by the Royal Bath & West of England Society (as it is now known). This article included pull out illustrations, engraved by Hibbert, of twelve samples collected by Sole.
Sole, W., n.d. An account of the principal English grasses, with descriptions of their respective excellencies and defects in regard to agricultural uses ... with accurate drawings of each species of grass[11]. Also known by the short title of ‘Sole’s Book of Grasses’ this is a folio of hand painted illustrations said to have been donated to the Bath & West of England Society by William Sole. It is held in the Bath & West Library Collection at the University of Bath Library.
Bath Philosophical Society papers Sole also contributed papers to the Bath Philosophical Society, though these papers are lost[12]
Botanical illustration grasses.
Example from Sole's 1799 article on English grasses.[10]
Botanical illustration
Medow foxtail grass. Artist unknown. llustration created for William Sole's book of grasses[11]

References
  1. The current 2004 edition of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography gives Thetford in Norfolk, but older editions and contemporary documents state that Sole was born in Cambridgeshire.
  2. "Record Details 5501eb45e93790e4c7026e04 | FreeREG". www.freereg.org.uk. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  3. "The famous of Little Thetford - Little Thetford .org". Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  4. Will of William Sole, Apothecary of Bath, Somerset (PROB 11/1372/65 ). London: The National Archives. 13 March 1802.
  5. "Sole, William", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. The first edition of this text is available at Wikisource: "Sole, William" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
  6. Rogers, T., 2020. William Sole: his life and published work [Online]. University of Bath. Available from: https://library.bath.ac.uk/ld.php?content_id=33352155 [Accessed 1st February 2021].
  7. Juliana de Paula-Souza, Harvey Eugene Ballard, Jr. Re-establishment of the name Pombalia, and new combinations from the polyphyletic Hybanthus (Violaceae). Phytotaxa. volume 183. number 1. pages 11-15.
  8. White, James Walter (1912). The Flora of Bristol: Being an Account of All the Flowering Plants, Ferns, and Their Allies That Have at Any Time Been Found in the District of the Bristol Coal-Fields. Bristol: John Wright and Sons. p. 72.
  9. Sole, William (1798). Menthae Britannicae: Being a New Botanical Arrangement of All the British Mints Hitherto Discovered.
  10. Sole, William. On the Principal English Grasses. Letters and papers on agriculture, planting, &c.: selected from the correspondence of the Bath & West of England Society, for the encouragement of agriculture, arts, manufactures, and commerce; 1799. IX, 131-65.
  11. Sole, William. An Account of the Principal English Grasses, with Descriptions of Their Respective Excellencies and Defects in Regard to Agricultural Uses ... With Accurate Drawings of Each Species of Grass. Bath and West of England Society; n.d.
  12. Jeffers, Robert H. Richard Pulteney, M.D., F.R.S. (1730–1801), and His Correspondents. Proceedings Linnean Society London; 1960. 171, 1, 15-26.
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