Xerophyllum tenax

Xerophyllum tenax is a North American species of plants in the corn lily family.[1][2] It is known by several common names, including bear grass, soap grass, quip-quip, and Indian basket grass.[3]

"Bear grass" redirects here. For the different genus in the family Asparagaceae, see Nolina. For the town in the United States, see Bear Grass, North Carolina.

Xerophyllum tenax
Glacier National Park, Montana
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Melanthiaceae
Genus: Xerophyllum
Species:
X. tenax
Binomial name
Xerophyllum tenax
Synonyms[1]
  • Helonias tenax Pursh
  • Melanthium spicatum Walter 1788, not Burm.f. 1768
  • Xerophyllum douglasii S.Watson

Ecology

Xerophyllum tenax has flowers with six sepals and six stamens borne in a terminal raceme. The plant is a perennial herb[4] that can grow to 15–150 cm in height. It grows in bunches with the leaves wrapped around and extending from a small stem at ground level. The leaves are 30–100 cm long and 2–6 mm wide, dull olive green with toothed edges. The slightly fragrant white flowers emerge from a tall stalk that bolts from the base. When the flowers are in bloom they are tightly packed at the tip of the stalk like an upright club. It produces small, tan coloured seeds that will germinate after a cold period of 12 to 16 weeks. The plant is found mostly in western North America from British Columbia south to California and east to Wyoming, in subalpine meadows and coastal mountains, and also on low ground in the California coastal fog belt as far south as Monterey County. It is common on the Olympic Peninsula and in the Cascades, northern Sierra Nevada and Rockies.[5][6][2]

Xerophyllum tenax is an important part of the fire ecology of regions where it is native. It has rhizomes which survive fire that clears dead and dying plant matter from the surface of the ground. The plant thrives with periodic burns and is often the first plant to sprout in a scorched area.

Its fibrous leaves, which turn from green to white as they dry, are tough, durable, and easily dyed and manipulated into tight waterproof weaves.[7]

Mount Rainier National Park
Washington state

Depending on site-specific and environmental conditions, plants may bloom every year or only once every decade, though back-to-back blooming of individual plants is rare.[8] It is a common myth that beargrass blooms every seven years, but depending on conditions such as moisture and temperatures there are periodically large concentrations of blooms.[9]

Deer and elk eat the flower and other parts of the plant.[10] Bears eat the softer leaf bases.[11]

Uses

The Hupa people use this plant to create a border pattern in baskets.[12][7]

This species has long been used by Native Americans who weave it in baskets, and historically, roasted the rootstock for food;[13] they also ate the pods, which are good cooked.[10] They also braid dried leaves and adorn them on traditional buckskin dresses and jewelry.[14][7]

References
  1. Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. Calflora taxon report, University of California, Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt. beargrass, common beargrass
  3. United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile: Xerophyllum tenax
  4. "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org. Retrieved 2021-12-07.
  5. Flora of North America, Profile and map: Xerophyllum tenax
  6. Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
  7. Plants for a Future, Xerophyllum tenax - (Purs.)Nutt.
  8. "Beargrass". US National Park Service. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
  9. "Beargrass Blooming Bountifully in the Flathead". 11 July 2019. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
  10. Reiner, Ralph E. (1969). Introducing the Flowering Beauty of Glacier National Park and the Majestic High Rockies. Glacier Park, Inc. p. 4.
  11. Fagan, Damian (2019). Wildflowers of Oregon: A Field Guide to Over 400 Wildflowers, Trees, and Shrubs of the Coast, Cascades, and High Desert. Guilford, CT: FalconGuides. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-4930-3633-2. OCLC 1073035766.
  12. Murphey, Edith Van Allen 1990 Indian Uses of Native Plants. Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959 (p. 2)
  13. Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. p. 553. ISBN 0-394-73127-1.
  14. Campbell, Paul Douglas 1999 Survival Skills of Native California. Gibbs Smith (p. 209)
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